Lexical Semantics: Hyponyny Networks

Question 2 Not all dictionary definitions contain classifiers, but many do, and in some cases when you look up the classifier itself, you find another even more general classifier within its definition. For example, you might like to think about the following definitions from the Collins English Dictionary. Colostrum is the thin milky secretion from the nipples that precedes and follows true lactation. It consists largely of serum and white blood cells. A secretion is a substance that is released from a cell, especially a glandular cell, and is synthesized in the cell from simple substances extracted from the blood or similar fluid. Substance is (1) the tangible basic matter of which a thing consists; or (2) a specific type of matter, especially a homogeneous material with definite or fairly definite chemical composition. Matter is (1) that which makes up something, especially a physical object; material. What are the classifiers in these definitions? (Why is this question hard to answer? Can you change the definition to make it easier? ) Draw a diagram to show the hyponymy chain you found in (a), with hyponyms shown below their classifiers. Can you think of any additional levels that you can put in the hyponymy chain above secretion? Add them. Sebum and saliva are co-hyponyms of colostrum. Add them to the diagram, along with two co-hyponyms for each level of the chain. Add distinguishers to your diagram, to differentiate each of the co-hyponyms you have added. On an intuitive level it would seem a simple task to select the different classifiers within each of the above definitions however, several problems arise which belie this. Colostrum is the easiest to deal with as it is the most specific of the four terms, although there is still potential for an error to be made. The only classifier in this description is ‘secretion' as, according to Hudson (1995: 26) â€Å"the classifier †¦ is the first common noun that follows is†[1]. Although this syntactic relationship is useful as a method of identification, it is not the reason ‘secretion' is a classifier of ‘colostrum'. Syntactic relationships exist between lexemes, not senses, and are governed by the relationships between senses, thus it is the latter that hyponymic networks represent. The classifier (C) is the concept that is superordinate to the ense in question (S1) in that S1 must possess enough characteristics of the classifier to make it a type of that concept, even if not a typical one, as well as distinguishers that serve to differentiate it from the classifier and any other co-hyponyms. More simply, S1 is a hyponym of C iff all S1 are a type of C, but not all C are S1 (op cit. 16). Furthermore, classifiers for common nouns will always capture what S1 is, not how or why it is. In the case of ‘colostrum' only ‘secretion' performs this function: we can say that colostrum is a type of secretion. It is important, however, to refine the concept of ‘what it is': if this is taken to include a material concept as well as a typical one, i. e. , what it is made up of or consists of, there is more scope for what can be considered a classifier. Under this description both ‘serum' and white blood cell' can be considered as classifiers of ‘colostrum'. This does not seem to be correct though, as ‘colostrum' is not a type of serum or white blood cell, nor does it possess enough of the characteristics of either to qualify as a hyponym. Therefore, in such cases we can eliminate concepts about the material of which a referent of the given sense consists as candidates for classifiers. Having established the criteria for identifying classifiers it should now be easier to identify those for the remaining senses however, there are further difficulties. It is safe to say that ‘substance' is the classifier of ‘secretion' according to the above rule but the use of ‘substance' twice in the definition provides potential for confusion: according to the definition for ‘secretion' above we can make the following statement: (A) a secretion is a substance1 made up of substances2. The difficulty seems to lie in SUBSTANCE being polysemic (Palmer 1981: 100), a fact apparently proven by its having two definitions. This implies that SUBSTANCE1 represents one of the given senses of ‘substance' whilst SUBSTANCE2 represents the other, but neither fits with sense (1) as both are a specific type of matter. Therefore, both must be the concept in sense (2) but if SUBSTANCE1 and SUBSTANCE2 do have the same sense statement (A) has no useful meaning, for it to do so SUBSTANCE requires an additional sense. The solution is provided in the definition of ‘secretion': SUBSTANCE1 is istinguished from SUBSTANCE2 by the addition of ‘simple' to the latter. In this way it can be seen that SUBSTANCE1 refers to sense (2) whereas SUBSTANCE2 refers to a different sense that is related to, but more specific than (2). To avoid such confusion replacing SUBSTANCE2 with a different lexeme could prove useful, e. g. , COMPOUND, although this is not necessary so long as we unde rstand that SUBSTANCE is polysemic and we know which sense each refers to. As ‘substance1' has the sense (2) in the definition we shall refer to it as ‘substance (2)' and it is this sense that is the classifier for ‘secretion'. The definition provided for ‘substance (2)' makes identifying the classifier here straightforward as it begins by telling us that it is a â€Å"specific type of matter† (my emphasis), which is the central criteria for hyponymy. So given that ‘matter' is the classifier for ‘substance (2)' we can now find the next classifier in the chain. It could be assumed that the brevity of the definition makes this task even more simple however, the definition is a â€Å"consists of† statement which rules out any concepts it contains as a classifier. It is thus the case that not all concepts have a superordinate concept. As such we can say that ‘matter' sits at the top of the hyponymy chain and is the broadest sense of ‘colostrum'. Given this information we can now represent all of the relationships above in the following diagram: Fig. 1) Initial hyponymy chain for colostrum. This chain is based solely on the definitions given above however, the claim can be made that this diagram does not contain a complete set of classifiers for ‘colostrum'. There are facts about ‘secretion' that are not contained in ‘substance (2)' but that cannot be considered as unique to it, in particular those about its relationship with organisms and organic matter. This claim is based on the fact, as given in the definition, that ‘secretion' is a substance particular to cells, which are the constituent parts of an organism. All of this information is unrepresented within the chain as it is because the relationship ‘secretion' has with ‘cell' is not due to a shared nature or type. When the hyponymy test is applied the mismatch is more evident: ! a secretion is a type of cell. This does not deny that the two are related however, only that they are not the same kind of thing, so instead n alternative way must be found of including and representing this relationship. As ‘cell' is the missing concept there must be some sense it shares with ‘secretion'. According to my definition of ‘cell' many together make up an organism and because any substance that is a ‘secretion' is the product of a cell, it can also be considered the product of an organism. We can go a step further and state that both are types of sub stance particular to organisms, which allows the statement a ‘secretion' is a ‘substance particular to organisms'. This can be further refined when the concepts ‘glandular' and ‘blood' are considered as these relate specifically to ‘body', not just to any organism in general. We can thus replace ‘organism' and instead state that a ‘secretion' is a ‘substance particular to a body' or, more concisely, it is a ‘bodily substance'. A second gap exists between ‘bodily substance' and ‘substance' for the same reason as above: arguably, a ‘bodily substance' has characteristics shared with other types of particular substance that together constitute a more general type of substance. As mentioned above ‘organism' bears a relation to ‘organic material' in that all of the substances of which an organism is composed are organic. Given that a body is a kind of organism any bodily substance must also be organic but not all organic material is of the body hence, ‘organic material' is a classifier of ‘bodily substance'. These new facts can be added to Fig. 1) to provide a more complete sense network: Fig. 2) Full hyponymy chain for ‘colostrum'. When considering potential co-hyponyms there are two criteria that must be met: the co-hyponyms must share most if not all of the sense of the shared classifier but they must be differentiated by at least one distinguisher (Hudson 1995: 27). Each of the co-hyponyms in Fig. 3) meets these criteria but this does not mean to imply it is a simple task. Take ‘matter' and ‘substance (1)': the two could initially be considered to be co-hyponyms. This, however, is not the case. Essentially, the definitions for ‘substance1' and ‘matter' are the same: we could give a definition of matter s ‘that of which a thing consists' because CONSISTS OF and MAKES UP have the same sense. Nor does there appear to be any fact about either concept that serves to differentiate them so we must accept that rather than ‘matter' and ‘substance (1)' bearing a hyponymic relationship they are actually synonyms. As such, SUBSTANCE (1) is nothing more than an alternative lexeme that can be used to represent ‘matter' and so can be omitted from the network. Fig. 3) shows that although many of the co-hyponyms do not bear a direct relation to ‘colostrum' they are part of a conceptual network that illustrates how senses are related. It also displays the fact that the further up the chain a concept is the broader is the range of its hyponyms because the sense becomes more generalised at each level. Furthermore, it also shows how concepts can share multiple classifiers and hyponyms. Fig. 3) Hyponymy network for ‘colostrum'. Distinguishers can be concise or generalised providing they serve as differentiators between the senses. When selecting appropriate facts to include the notion of prototypes should be accounted for in that any potential distinguisher should ideally describe a prototypical referent of the given sense (op. it. 20). Take ‘glandular' it appears in the definition of ‘secretion' but it has been omitted from the network. This is because it is not a prototypical characteristic in that not even the majority of secretions are from glandular cells, it is only provided as an example of the kind of cell involved. A further difficulty in selecting distinguishers is deciding what kind of inf ormation to include. Definitive information serve to provide the minimum data needed to clarify a concept whilst encyclopaedic information attempts to provide all of the facts about a concept. The danger with the latter is that information may be included that does not serve to differentiate that concept from another. I would argue that both kinds of information should be included provided that each fact is part of the sense it iff that fact is relevant to the function of differentiation. Fig. 4) includes information of both kinds and, although I have removed the referent and lexeme classifier for the sake of clarity, it can be considered as the most complete network of senses that relate to colostrum'. Fig. 4) Complete hyponymy network for ‘colostrum'. Bibliography Hudson, R. (1995). Word Meaning. Padstow: Routledge. Palmer, F. R. (1981). Semantics. Bath: Cambridge University Press. Stevenson, A. (ed. ) (2007). Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th edition). Italy: Oxford University Press. Word Count 1693 not including diagrams. 1799 with diagrams ———————– [1]I have used â€Å" â€Å" for quotations rather t han ‘ ‘ to prevent confusion between quotes and senses.

Witness Report

EVAN 101 2/28/2013 Witness Report PART ONE – What method of evangelism did you use and how did you start the conversation? The method I chose to use to witness to a young lady, who has been a friend of the family for a long time, was the relational method. While at my grandson’s first birthday party I engaged in a conversation with a longtime friend of my daughters. She has a baby that is close to my grandson’s age. The first thing I did was give her a big welcoming hug. We haven’t seen her in about seven or eight years.She had expressed to me the importance of being a good mother. She talked about how she never let her daughter stay with anyone except for her dad. We talked about the nursery that is available at the church we attend. Because she is a single mother, I helped with her daughter as far as holding her and guiding her away from danger such as stairs and open doors to the restroom. I did this in hopes of building a trust so that she would feel c omfortable with going to church with us.We talked about how our church has purchased property and in the process of building a new church. I explained to her the many exciting activities the church has planned for the next couple of months. I believe the seed was planted many years ago when this young lady hung out at my house as a teenager with my daughter. She moved from the neighborhood to live with her dad and now we are reunited because we moved to a neighboring city. PART TWO – What was the reaction (questions/comments/statements) of the unbeliever?We talked about how she had decided not to have anymore children because of her contracting gestational diabetes, and having such a difficult high risk pregnancy. I assured her that each pregnany would be different. I also told her not to let herself be robbed of God’s blessing for her. My daughter’s friend seemed very interested in going to church with us. She had attended church with us in the past better neve r made a decision. Her focus seems to be that she wanted to raise her daughter in church. She said she didn’t want to leave her daughter with anyone in the nursery.I work with another lady in children’s church. Hopefully we will have established a more trusting relationship that she will feel comfortable enough to leave her with me. PART THREE – How did you conclude the conversation in order to follow up? To conclude our conversation, I offered her transportation if needed to attend church. I also told her if there was anything she needed in the mean time or if she just wanted to visit to let me know. After telling her how nice it was to see her I gave her another hug and she assured me that she was planning on visiting our church.

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The Nature of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Nature of Crime - Essay Example Therefore according to this theory low self control will increase the possibility of a person committing a crime, self control is achieved during early age when a child is socializing, poor parenting will lead to low self control to a child in future while strict and proper parenting will lead to high self control to a child. This theory applies to age, race and gender, a research done to determine the age crime relationship showed that the age variable for certain crimes supported the theory in that the age was a direct result of low self control depending on level of socialization. There also exist differences among races and ethnic groups because of the difference in supervision among this groups, but the races and ethnic groups do not directly determine crime instead it is the amount of socialization by parents that determine the occurrence of crime. According to the two classical scholars low self control is as a result of poor parenting which determines the quality of socialization, parents therefore should undertake the responsibility of punishing their children incase of any misconduct in order to avoid the development of low self control which intern will lead to a h... s low self control is as a result of poor parenting which determines the quality of socialization, parents therefore should undertake the responsibility of punishing their children incase of any misconduct in order to avoid the development of low self control which intern will lead to a high possibility of the occurrence of crime. Various scholars have tested this theory and there exist various criticisms, some scholars argue that the theory relates behaviors such as drinking and smoking as criminals behaviors but to be realistic smoking and drinking individuals do not necessarily mean that they are criminals. Another critic is that the theory assumes that crime is committed for the purpose of pursuing self interest, but this may not be true for all types of crimes because some other crimes such as murder may be committed for other reasons other than self interest. The theory is also criticized for favoring traditional roles of the family, the two classical theorists favor the traditional society and argue that a child should have both parents, this is unrealistic. Other studies have opposed the theory and suggested that adult social bonds such a person who has a stable job and a happy marriage may not involve himself in crime despite a poor socializing and parenting. However the theory is a clear breakthrough in criminology and has helped understand the causes of crime, although the theory faces some critics it is the only theory that well explains he concept of crime and also possible ways of minimizing crime through proper parenting. Question 2 Discuss the role of formal "sanction threats" in offender decision making. In doing so, your essay should address: Formal social controls play a major role in the prevention of crime; control is expressed

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Care analysis Acute Appendicitis of a 77 year old woman Research Paper

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Marketing - Governmental Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book Essay

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Empiricism and Connie Essay Example for Free

Empiricism and Connie Essay Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman.

Law Essays Capital Punishment

Law Essays Capital Punishment Does capital punishment have a deterrent effect on crime? Analyse this question with reference to either the UK or USA. Introduction Nowadays, in most of the Western world, capital punishment is considered an unacceptable, barbaric sentence that cannot be morally or philosophically justified. In the UK, it has been abolished since 1969, while Protocol six of the European Convention on Human Rights obliged the forty six member states of the Council of Europe to scribe off the death sentence from their penal codes. However, a number of US states retain the sentence with few politicians and theorists claiming that it has a strong deterrent effect. The purpose of this essay is to critically reflect upon this argument. Is capital punishment a worthwhile deterrent? The punishment theory of deterrence – which belongs to the utilitarian philosophy – is composed of two elements. The first is called specific/individual deterrence and is directed towards convicted offenders. In broad terms it aims to discourage them for their transgressions and thereby convincing them that crime does not pay. The second is called general deterrence and is directed towards potential offenders. It seeks to persuade them by the threat of anticipated punishment from engaging in unlawful conduct by illustrating the unsavoury consequences of offending. Therefore, by definition, capital punishment cannot fulfil the first element of deterrence since after its passing, the convicted offender dies. As for the second element of passing a lesson to the rest of the society, the views are mixed; although there is evidence to suggest that the impact of capital sentence is not as great as it would justify it. For example, according to Katz et al, the so far studies on capital punishment produce erratic and contradictory results, while most of them find that there is no deterrent effect. In fact, Shepherd’s 2004 study showed that executions are as likely to increase homicides in states following execution as there are states where there seems to be a reduction. In addition, a number of research experts have heavily criticised the so far positive studies on capital punishment for being methodologically unviable. For instance, Maltz recent evaluation showed that most of US studies ignored large amounts of missing data, relying only on two sources: the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the US Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.   Even more importantly, studies that directly examine the reactions of individuals to punishment threats constituently show the limits of the assumptions of rationality that underlie deterrence. In fact, according to the Annual Statistical Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, most offenders who are convicted to a capital sentence have cognitive impairments. This makes it even more unlikely that they are actually aware of executions. On the other hand, states without capital punishment such as New York enjoy declining homicide rates. The Uniform Crime Reports showed that over the last decade there was a 65.5% decrease in homicide rates. Similarly, Dugan et al showed that since the early 1970s intimate or domestic homicides have been declining at a steady pace regardless of fluctuations in the number of executions. Finally, according to the forthcoming study by Professor Berk, nearly all of the presumed deterrent effects of capital punishment are confined in one state – Texas – and only for a handful of years when there were more than 5 executions. Overall, the study proved that eliminating Texas eliminates any hint of deterrence from the relationship between execution and crime. Moving beyond the statistics However, it is not just the negative statistics that make capital punishment increasingly unfamiliar. Carter showed that offenders who are convicted to capital punishment usually come from poor backgrounds introducing an element of class discrimination in the sentencing system. Similarly, Keil and Vito’s study reported that blacks who kill whites seem to have the greater odds of receiving the death penalty than whites who kill blacks†. To conclude, the last two year research data show that capital punishment has hardly any deterrence effect, while a number of other side issues such as discrimination and selectivity reinforce the argument against its use. Berk, Richard. 2005 forthcoming. New Claims about executions and General Deterrence: D ej a vu all over again? Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. Carter, Robert. 1965. The Johny Cain Story: A Composite of Men Executed in California. Issues in Criminology 1:66. Dugan, Laura, Daniel Nagin, and Richard Rosenfeld. 1999. Explaining the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide: The effects of Changing Domesticity, Womens Status and Domestic Violence Resources. Homicide Studies 3:187. Katz, Lawrence, Steven Levitt, and Ellen Shustorovich. 2003. Prison Conditions, Capital Punishment and Deterrence. American Law and Economics Review 5:318. Keil, Thomas and Gennaro Vito. 1989. Race, Homicide Severity and the Application of the Death Penalty. Criminology 27:511. Maltz, Michael. 2004. The Effect of NIBRS Reporting on Item Missing Data in Murder Cases. Homicide Studies 8:193. Parisi, Francisco and Vermon Smith. 2005. Introduction in the Law and Economics of Irrational Behaviour: In press. Shepherd, Joanna. 2004. Deterrence versus Brutalization: Capital Punishments Differering Impacts Among States. Working Paper, Emory University Law School.

Musculoskeletal Case Study: Rheumatoid Arthritis

Musculoskeletal Case Study: Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis with Hip Arthroplasty   Ã‚   S.P. is admitted to the orthopedic ward. She has fallen at home and has sustained an intracapsular fracture of the hip at the femoral neck. The following history is obtained from her: *She is a *75-year-old widow with three children living nearby. Her father died of cancer at age 62; mother died of heart failure at age 79. Her height is 5 feet 3 inches; weight is 118 pounds. She has a *50-pack-year smoking history and denies alcohol use. She has severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with evidence of cartilage and bone destruction, along with joint deformities. She had an upper gastrointestinal bleed in 1993, and had coronary artery disease with a coronary artery bypass graft 9 months ago. Since that time she has engaged in* very mild exercises at home. Vital signs (VS) are 128/60, 98, 14, 99 ° F (37.2 ° C), SaO2 94% on 2 L oxygen by nasal cannula. Her oral medications are *rabeprazole (Aciphex) 20 mg/day, *prednisone (Deltasone) 5 mg/day, and *methotrexate (Amethopterin) 2. 5 mg/wk. **What anatomical stage of Rheumatoid Arthritis does SP have? (1) Stage I-Early No destructive changes on radiograph, possible radiographic evidence of osteoporosis Stage II-Moderate Radiographic evidence of osteoporosis, with or without slight bone or cartilage destruction, no joint deformities (although possibly limited joint mobility), adjacent muscle atrophy, possible presence of extra-articular soft-tissue lesions (e.g., nodules, tenosynovitis) Stage III-Severe Radiographic evidence of cartilage and bone destruction in addition to osteoporosis; joint deformity, such as subluxation, ulnar deviation, or hyperextension, without fibrous or bony ankylosis; extensive muscle atrophy; possible presence of extra-articular soft-tissue lesions (e.g., nodules, tenosynovitis) Stage IV-Terminal Fibrous or bony ankylosis, stage III criteria List at least four risk factors for hip fractures. (4 pts) Age. The risk for hip fractures increases as we age. In 2010, more than 80% of the people hospitalized for hip fractures were age 65 and older, according to the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS). Sex. About 70 percent of hip fractures occur in women. Women lose bone density at a faster rate than men do, in part because the drop in estrogen levels that occurs with menopause accelerates bone loss. However, men also can develop dangerously low levels of bone density. Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bone if taken for long term. Rabeprazole (Aciphex) and methotrexate (Amethopterin) could cause dizziness and more prone to falling. Physical inactivity (very mild exercises at home). Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, help strengthen bones and muscles, making falls and fractures less likely. Not participating in regularly weight-bearing exercise, may lead to lower bone density and weaker bones. Tobacco use. Can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss. 2.Place a star or asterisk next to each of the responses in question 1 that represent S.P.s risk factors. (1) Case Study Progress       S.P. is taken to surgery for a total hip replacement. Because of the intracapsular location of the fracture, the surgeon chooses to perform an arthroplasty rather than internal fixation. The postoperative orders include: Chart View Why is the patient receiving enoxaparin (Lovenox) and warfarin (Coumadin)? (4 pts) In your answer, also explain how these 2 medications are used together and the rationale behind how they are used. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may form in leg veins as a result of inactivity, body position, and pressure, all of which lead to venous stasis and decreased perfusion. DVT, especially common in older adults and obese or immobilized individuals, is a potentially life-threatening complication because it may lead to pulmonary embolism. The most commonly used anticoagulants are unfractionated heparin (UH), low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), hirudin derivatives, and coumarin compounds. Unfractionated heparin (heparin sodium, commonly known as heparin) acts directly on the intrinsic and the common pathways of blood coagulation. Heparin inhibits thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. It also potentiates the actions of antithrombin III, inhibits the activation of factor IX, and neutralizes activated factor X by activating factor X inhibitor. LMWH is effective for the prevention and treatment of DVT. LMWHs are derived from heparin, but the molecule size is approximately one third that of heparin. Enoxaparin (Lovenox), dalteparin (Fragmin), and ardeparin (Normiflo) are examples of LMWHs. LMWH has a greater bioavailability, more predictable dose response, and longer half-life than heparin with less risk of bleeding complications. LMWH has the practical advantage that it does not require anticoagulant monitoring and dose adjustment ( Hirsh , Bauer , Donati , Gould , Samama , Weitz , 2008). LMWH is administered subcutaneously in fixed doses, once or twice daily. Coumarin compounds, of which warfarin (Coumadin) is the most commonly used, exert their action indirectly on the coagulation pathway. Warfarin inhibits the hepatic synthesis of the vitamin K- dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X by competitively interfering with vitamin K. Vitamin K is normally required for the synthesis of these factors. Oral anticoagulants are often administered concurrently with heparin. Warfarin requires 48 to 72 hours to influence prothrombin time (PT) and may take several days before maximum effect is achieved. Therefore a 3- to 5-day overlap of heparin and warfarin is required. The clotting status should be monitored by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for heparin therapy and the international normalized ratio (INR) for coumadin derivatives. The INR is a standardized system of reporting PT based on a referenced calibration model and calculated by comparing the clients PT with a control value. Other tests to monitor anticoagulation may b e used. For DVT prophylaxis, low-dose unfractionated heparin, LMWH, or warfarin (Coumadin) can be prescribed depending on the clients level of risk and weight. Unfractionated heparin is typically taken by subcutaneous (subQ) route and prescribed at 5000 units q12h subQ for clients at low and moderate risk or 3500 to 5000 units q8h subQ for clients at high risk. LMWH is usually scheduled at 30 mg q12h subQ or 40 mg daily subQ. LMWH is rapidly replacing heparin as the anticoagulant of choice to prevent DVT in clients at high risk. In fact, LMWH is considered the most effective form of prophylaxis in hip surgery, in knee surgery, and following major trauma. Low-dose warfarin is usually reserved for clients with the highest DVT risk. It is quite common for a person to be taking both Coumadin and Lovenox at the same time. Lovenox begins working right away, while Coumadin does not. In fact, in the period of time when a person first begins taking Coumadin, the drug may actually increase the risk of clots for a short period of time. Therefore, Coumadin and Lovenox are often taken together. The Lovenox prevents clots while the Coumadin begins working. The Lovenox can be stopped once the INR is in the appropriate range. 4.S.P. received blood as an intraoperative blood salvage. Which statements about this procedure are true? (Select all that apply.) a.The blood that is lost from surgery is immediately re-administered to the patient (Salvaged blood should be washed. Salvaged blood that is not washed or otherwise processed (eg, centrifuged) has low hemoglobin levels (7 to 9 g/dL), residual anticoagulant, dysfunctional platelets, thrombogenic substances, free hemoglobin levels, and fat emboli that might lead to coagulation abnormalities). b.(True) The blood lost from surgery is collected into a cell saver    (Centrifuge-based RBC salvage with the intraoperative cell salvage machine (commonly referred to as a cell saver) starts with the surgeon aspirating blood from the surgical field through a suction wand. The blood is mixed with an anticoagulant as it is aspirated (eg, heparin or citrate) to prevent coagulation [16]. Typically, heparin in saline with a concentration of about 30,000 units/L is used. This solution is slowly and automatically added to the aspirated blood at a rate of 15 mL per 100 mL of collected blood [16]. During subsequent washing of the collected blood, all but a trace of heparin is removed). c.One hundred percent of the red blood cells are saved for reinfusion (other components in the blood such as platelets and contaminants can also adhere to these filters, but at least 85 percent of RBCs pass through the filter and into the patient). d. This procedure has the same risks as blood transfusions from donors. e.(True) The salvaged blood must be reinfused within 6 hours of collection. (Blood collected by intraoperative blood salvage may be stored either at room temperature for up to six hours or at 1 to 6 °C for up to 24 hours, provided that blood is collected under aseptic conditions with a device that provides washing and that cold storage is begun within six hours of initiating the collection. Such stored blood must be properly labeled). List four critical potential postoperative problems for S.P. (4 pts) Infection. Fever above 38 °C (100.4 °F) is common in the first few days after major surgery. Most early postoperative fever is caused by the inflammatory stimulus of surgery and resolves spontaneously. However, postoperative fever can be a manifestation of a serious complication. A thorough differential diagnosis of postoperative fever includes infectious and noninfectious conditions that occur following surgery. Fever may arise due to a surgical site infection (SSI), or from other hospital-related conditions, including nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, drug fever, and deep vein thrombosis. In evaluating a postoperative patient with fever, it is important to consider a broad differential, and not to assume that fever is due to infection. Fever as a manifestation of infection may be reduced or absent in immunocompromised patients including those receiving glucocorticoids, cancer chemotherapy, post-transplant immunosuppression, and also in some patients who are elderly or have chronic renal failure. Hypoxemia, specifically a PaO2 of less than 60 mm Hg, is characterized by a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms, ranging from agitation to somnolence, hypertension to hypotension, and tachycardia to bradycardia. Pulse oximetry will indicate a low oxygen saturation (below the 90 to 92% range). Arterial blood gas analysis may be used to confirm hypoxemia if the pulse oximetry indicates a low O2 saturation. Low oxygen saturation may be corrected by encouraging deep breathing and coughing or by increasing the amount of oxygen delivered. The most common cause of postoperative hypoxemia is atelectasis. Atelectasis (alveolar collapse) may be the result of bronchial obstruction caused by retained secretions or decreased respiratory excursion. Hypotension and low cardiac output states can also contribute to the development of atelectasis. Other causes of hypoxemia that may occur in the PACU include pulmonary edema, aspiration, and bronchospasm. Hypotension is evidenced by signs of hypoperfusion to the vital organs, especially the brain, the heart, and the kidneys. Clinical signs of disorientation, loss of consciousness, chest pain, oliguria, and anuria reflect hypoxemia and the loss of physiological compensation. Intervention must be timely to prevent the devastating complications of cardiac ischemia or infarction, cerebral ischemia, renal ischemia, and bowel infarction. The most common cause of hypotension in the PACU is unreplaced fluid and blood loss; thus, treatment is directed toward restoring circulating volume. If there is no response to fluid administration, cardiac dysfunction should be presumed to be the cause of hypotension. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may form in leg veins as a result of inactivity, body position, and pressure, all of which lead to venous stasis and decreased perfusion. DVT, especially common in older adults and obese or immobilized individuals, is a potentially life-threatening complication because it may lead to pulmonary embolism. Clients with a history of DVT have a greater risk for pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism should be suspected in any client complaining of tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia, particularly when the client is already receiving oxygen therapy. Manifestations may include chest pain, hypotension, hemoptysis, dysrhythmias, or heart failure. Definitive diagnosis requires pulmonary angiography. Superficial thrombophlebitis is an uncomfortable but less ominous complication that may develop in a leg vein as a result of venous stasis or in the arm veins as a result of irritation from IV catheters or solutions. If a piece of a clot becomes dislodged and travels to the lung, it can cause a pulmonary infarction of a size proportionate to the vessel in which it lodges. How will you monitor for excessive postoperative blood loss? (5 pts) Observe the dressing and incision for signs of bleeding Restlessness Confusion Anxiety Feeling of impending doom Decreased level of consciousness Weakness Rapid, weak, thread pulses Dysrhythmias Hypotension Narrowed pulse pressure Cool, clammy skin Tachypnea, dyspnea, or shallow, irregular respirations Decreased O2 saturation Extreme thirst Nausea and vomiting Pallor Cyanosis Obvious hemorrhage The rate and volume of bleeding, vital signs, and laboratory results should be closely monitored to assess the best approach to and aggressiveness of intervention. It is important to not allow the patient to become moribund before initiating life-saving measures. Post op Day 1, S.P. states that she is having 8/10 pain. List 3 thingsthat you would assess in order to determine why she is having the pain and then state 2 nursing interventions. (5 pts) Complications associated with femoral neck fracture include nonunion, AVN, dislocation, and degenerative arthritis. Postoperative pain is usually most severe within the first 48 hours and subsides thereafter. Variation is considerable, according to the procedure performed and the clients individual pain tolerance or perception. The client should be observed for indications of pain (e.g., restlessness) and questioned about the degree and characteristics of the pain. Identifying the location of the pain is important. Incisional pain is to be expected, but other causes of pain, such as a full bladder, may also be present. Pain assessments can be measured with a variety of scales such as asking a client to rate his or her pain on a scale of 0 to 10. Perform a comprehensive pain assessment to include the following: characteristic, onset and duration, quality, intensity and severity. In the early postoperative period, there is a potential for neurovascular impairment. The nurse assesses the clients extremity for (1) colour, (2) temperature, (3) capillary refill, (4) distal pulses, (5) edema, (6) sensati on, (7) motor function, and (8) pain. Provide client optimal pain relief with prescribed analgesic as ordered to relieve acute pain and to prevent pain from becoming too severe. Teach and assess clients correct use of patient-controlled analgesia to ensure effectiveness. Use nonpharmacological interventions to relieve pain, such as distraction, massage, relaxation, and imagery, for client use in lieu of or in conjunction with analgesics to obtain pain relief. According to the lateral traditional surgical approach, there are two main goals for maintaining proper alignment of S.P.s operative leg. What are they, and how are they achieved? (2 pts) The client and the family must be fully aware of positions and activities that predispose the client to dislocation (greater than 90 degrees of flexion, adduction, or internal rotation). Many daily activities may reproduce these positions, including putting on shoes and socks, crossing the legs or feet while seated, assuming the side-lying position incorrectly, standing up or sitting down while the body is flexed relative to the chair, and sitting on low seats, especially low toilet seats. Until the soft tissue surrounding the hip has healed sufficiently to stabilize the prosthesis, usually for at least 6 weeks, these activities must be avoided. Use elevated toilet seat Place chair inside shower or tub and remain seated while washing Use pillow between legs for first 8 weeks after surgery when lying on the side allowed by surgeon or when supine Keep hip in neutral, straight position when sitting, walking, or lying Notify surgeon if severe pain, deformity, or loss of function occurs Postoperative wound infection is a concern for S.P. Describe what you would do to monitor her for a wound infection. (4 pts) Redness (rubor, hyperemia from vasodilation), heat (colour, increased metabolism at inflammatory site), pain (colour change in pH; change in local ionic concentration; nerve stimulation by chemicals (e.g.,histamine, prostaglandins; pressure from fluid exudate), swelling (tumour, fluid shift to interstitial spaces; fluid exudate accumulation), edge approximation, odor, type of exudate. Vital signs, WBC. Taking S.P.s RA into consideration: what interventions should be implemented to prevent complications secondary to immobility? (6 pts) The physiotherapist usually supervises active-assistance exercises for the affected extremity and ambulation when the surgeon permits it. Ambulation usually begins on the first postoperative day. The nurse in collaboration with the physiotherapist monitors the clients ambulation status. The ambulating client should pick up the feet rather than shuffling them so that muscular contraction is maximized. When confined to bed, the client should alternately flex and extend the legs. When the client is sitting in a chair or lying in bed, there should be no pressure to impede venous flow through the popliteal space. Crossed legs, pillows behind the knees, and extreme elevation of the knee gatch must be avoided. Some surgeons routinely prescribe use of elastic stockings or mechanical aids such as sequential compressive devices to stimulate and enhance the massaging and milking actions that are transmitted to the veins when leg muscles contract. The nurse must remember that these aids are usel ess if the legs are not exercised and may actually impair circulation if the legs remain inactive or if the devices are sized or applied improperly. When in use, elastic stockings must be removed and reapplied at least twice daily for skin care and inspection. The skin of the heels and posttibial areas is particularly susceptible to increased pressure and breakdown. The use of unfractionated heparin (UH) or low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is a prophylactic measure for venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Advantages of LMWH over UH include (1) less major bleeding, (2) decreased incidence of thrombocytopenia, (3) better absorption, (4) longer duration of action, (5) as effective or more effective, and (6) no laboratory monitoring required. A primary nursing responsibility is the identification of clients at risk for the development of pressure ulcers and implementing pressure ulcer prevention strategies for those identified as being at risk. Prevention remains the best treatment for pressure ulcers. Devices such as support surfaces, special transfer equipment, and heel boots are useful in reducing pressure and shearing force. However, they are not adequate substitutes for frequent repositioning. The clients position should be changed every 1 to 2 hours to allow full chest expansion and increase perfusion of both lungs. Ambulation, not just sitting in a chair, should be aggressively carried out as soon as physician approval is given. Adequate and regular analgesic medication should be provided because incisional pain often is the greatest deterrent to client participation in effective ventilation and ambulation. The client should also be reassured that these activities will not cause the incision to separate. Adequate hydration, either parenteral or oral, is essential to maintain the integrity of mucous membranes and to keep secretions thin and loose for easy expectoration. Deep breathing and coughing techniques help the client prevent alveolar collapse and move respiratory secretions to larger airway passages for expectoration. The client should be assisted to breathe deeply 10 times every hour while awake. The use of an incentive spirometer is helpful in providing visual feedback of respiratory effort. The nurse should teach the client to use an incentive spirometer, which involves the following: inhale into the mechanism, hold the ball for about 3 seconds, and then exhale. This procedure should be done 10 to 15 times, and then the nurse should encourage the client to cough. It is recommended that an incentive spirometer should be used every 2 to 3 hours while awake. Urinary tract infections are another risk for people who may spend long periods of time on their back. This can promote urinary stasis or stagnation in the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and thus, lead to infection. Prolonged immobility also causes an increase of minerals and salts to circulate in the blood that can promote the formation of kidney stones. Constipation is a common problem that may result from decreased physical activity. Other factors may aggravate bowel evacuation. These include loss of privacy and embarrassment if toilet assistance is needed; uncomfortable positioning while using the commode; excessive delay in elimination because of the inconvenience in going to the bathroom; and the unavailability of caregiver assistance if help is needed to use the commode. Bowel irregularity may produce abdominal discomfort, as well as cause loss of appetite. 11.In patients with RA, very often Prednisone is prescribed for a patient with an acute exacerbation. Which laboratory result will the nurse monitor to determine whether the medication has been effective?(1 pt) Blood glucose test Liver function tests C-reactive protein level Serum electrolyte levels Explain your answer (what does this test show?) Data on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein have been reported, elevated levels of C-reactive protein appear to correlate best with symptoms of pain and stiffness rather than extent or progression of disease. To detect inflammation and test for the activity of the disease; may be used to help differentiate osteoarthritis and RA; an increased level of CRP occurs in RA but not in osteoarthritis. 12.A patient with an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is taking prednisone 40 mg daily. Which of these assessment data obtained by the nurse indicate that the patient is experiencing a side effect of the medication? (1 pt) The patients blood glucose is 165 mg/dL (9.2 mmol/L). The patient has no improvement in symptoms. The patient has experienced a recent 5-pound (2.3 kilogram) weight loss. The patients erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has increased. Prednisone is used as an anti-inflammatory or an immunosuppressant medication. Prednisone treats many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, or breathing disorders. Long-term side effects include Cushings syndrome insulin resistance (especially common with ACTH production outside the pituitary), leading to high blood sugar and insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla and around the neck, as well as skin tags in the axilla. 13.What predisposing factor, identified in S.P.s medical history, places her at risk for infection, bleeding, and anemia? (1 pt) Medication administration rabeprazole (Aciphex) 20 mg/day, *prednisone (Deltasone) 5 mg/day, and *methotrexate (Amethopterin) 2.5 mg/wk History of upper gastrointestinal bleed in 1993, and had coronary artery disease with a coronary artery bypass graft 9 months ago 50-pack-year smoking history 14.Briefly discuss S.P.s nutritional needs. (2 pts) As a person grows older, there are decreases in lean body mass (the metabolically active tissue), basal metabolic rate, and physical activity. Combined, these factors decrease the caloric needs for energy. The older person frequently reduces the consumption of needed protein, vitamins, and minerals and may take in empty calories, such as candy and pastries. When these factors are added to already existing medical problems, it is easy to see why poor dietary practices develop. In addition, poor dentition, ill-fitting dentures, anorexia, multiple losses affecting the social setting of meals, low income, and medical conditions involving the GI tract play a role in the type and amount of foods that are eaten. Socioeconomic factors are of critical importance when assessing the nutritional status of an older adult. The nurse must be aware of common medical and psychosocial factors in the older adult and should incorporate interventions for overcoming these problems in the plan of care. Some of the physiological changes associated with aging affect the nutritional status of older adults. The following changes are of particular interest: 1. Changes in the oral cavity (e.g., change in bite surfaces of the teeth, periodontal disease, drying of the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue, poorly fitting dentures, decreased muscle strength for chewing, decreased number of taste buds, decreased saliva production). 2. Changes in digestion and motility (e.g., decreased absorption of cobalamin, vitamin A, and folic acid and decreased GI motility). 3. Changes in the endocrine system (e.g., decreased tolerance to glucose). 4. Changes in the musculoskeletal system (e.g., decreased bone density, degenerative joint changes). 5. Decrease in vision and hearing (e.g., procurement and preparation of food are more difficult). Certain illnesses that are more prevalent in the older population are considered to be diet related. These include atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and diverticulosis. Multiple drugs are often required to treat these and other common chronic illnesses of the older client. These drugs often have an adverse effect on the appetite of older adults, increasing the possibility of inadequate intake caused by anorexia. Interventions: Calcium and Vitamin D Older adults need more calcium and vitamin D to help maintain bone health. Have three servings of vitamin D-fortified low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt each day. Other calcium-rich foods include fortified cereals and fruit juices, dark green leafy vegetables and canned fish with soft bones. If you take a calcium supplement or multivitamin, choose one that contains vitamin D. Vitamin B12 Many people older than 50 do not get enough vitamin B12. Fortified cereal, lean meat and some fish and seafood are sources of vitamin B12. Ask your doctor or a registered dietitian nutritionist if you need a vitamin B12 supplement. Fiber Eat more fiber-rich foods to stay regular. Fiber also can help lower your risk for heart disease, control your weight and prevent Type 2 diabetes. Eat whole-grain breads and cereals, and more beans and peas along with fruits and vegetables which also provide fiber. Potassium Increasing potassium along with reducing sodium (salt) may lower your risk of high blood pressure. Fruits, vegetables and low-fat or fat-free milk and yogurt are good sources of potassium. Also, select and prepare foods with little or no added salt. 15.Explain four teaching points you can teach S.P. to help her protect herself from infection related to medication-induced immunosuppression. (4 pts) For older adult clients, the rate of HAI is 2 to 3 times higher than for younger clients. Age-related changes of decreased immunocompetence, the presence of comorbidities, and an increase in disability all contribute to higher infection rates. Infections common in older adults include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and TB (Furman et al.). Infections in older adults often have atypical presentations, and cognitive and behavioural changes appear before alterations occur in laboratory values (Furman et al.). Suspicion of disease should typically begin when changes in ability to perform daily activities or in cognitive function occur. Fever should not be relied upon to indicate infection in older adults because many have lower core body temperatures and decreased immune responses. Interventions include: 1. Handle Prepare Food Safely Food can carry germs. Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces often when preparing any food, especially raw meat. Always wash fruits and vegetables. Cook and keep foods at proper temperatures. Dont leave food out refrigerate promptly. 2. Wash Hands Often 3. Clean Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces Germs can live on surfaces. Cleaning with soap and water is usually enough. However, you should disinfect your bathroom and kitchen regularly. Disinfect other areas if someone in the house is ill. You can use an EPA certified disinfectant (look for the EPA registration number on the label), bleach solution, or rubbing alcohol. 4. Cough Sneeze Into Your Sleeve Dont Share Personal Items Avoid sharing personal items that cant be disinfected, like toothbrushes and razors, or sharing towels between washes. Needles should never be shared, should only be used once, and then thrown away

john grisham :: essays research papers

John Grisham a graduate of Mississippi State University and Ole Miss Law School, he finished his law degree in 1981 and afterwards practiced law for about 10 years, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1983 and served until 1990. He began writing in 1984 and 3 years later finished hid first novel, A Time to Kill, published by Wynnewood Press in June 1988. John, Renee and their children now live in Charlottesville, Va.. Grisham, John. A Time to Kill. New York: Wynnewood Press, 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Time to Kill† wrote by John Grisham was a riveting story of retribution and justice. In this searing courtroom drama, best-selling author John Grisham probes the savage depths of racial violence as he delivers a compelling tale of in certain justice in a small southern town in Clanton, Mississippi. In the end, Jake comes up with an outstanding closing argument, turning the story towards a different perspective for the white people of the jury and then turning it back to how it actually happen. Grisham, John. The Summons. New York: Doubleday, 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray Atlee is a professor of law at the University of Virginia. Ray is forty-three, newly single and still enduring the aftershocks of a surprise divorce. He has a younger brother, Forrest, who redefines the notion of a family’s black sheep and he has a father, know as Judge Atlee, a very sick old man who lives alone in the ancestral home in Clanton, Mississippi. With the end in sight, Judge Atlee issues a summons for both sons to return home to Clanton, to discuss the details of his estate. But the family meeting does not take place. The Judge dies too soon and in doing so leaves behind a shocking secret known only to Ray and perhaps someone else. Grisham, John. The Firm. New York: Doubleday, 1991.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Mitch McDeere signed on with Bendini, Lambert & Locke of Memphis, he thought him and his beautiful wife were on their way. The firm leased him a BMW, paid of his school loans, arranged him a mortgage and hired him a decorator. Mitch McDeere should have remembered what his brother Ray- doing fifteen years in a Tennessee jail- already knew. You never get anything for nothing. Now, the FBI has the lowdown on Mitch’s firm and needs his help. Mitch is caught between a rock and a hard place, with no choice, if he wants to live.

The Impact of Slavery on Black Women Essay -- Slavery Essays

The Impact of Slavery on Black Women â€Å"Only by experience can any one realize how deep, and dark, and foul is that pit of abominations.† (Jacobs, 120). These words are spoken by Harriet Jacobs (also known as Linda Brent) and after reading about her life experience as a slave, I have come to believe that slavery was far worse for women than it ever was for men. Jacobs never states that black slave men had it easy during the slave years, in fact she tells a few stories about how some slave men were beaten. She also tells about the life experience of a slave girl, herself. Her own experiences made me feel blessed that I was never born as a black woman during the time of slavery. I do not think that I would have been strong enough to endure such times. Let’s begin with the living conditions and the rights and honor of a slave, male or female. First of all, slaves were given one pair of shoes, two pairs of pants, and maybe one shirt that was to last them for at least a year. Most of the time, their shoes were used or old shoes. Once their shoes got holes and wore down, they wore nothing on their bare feet, even through the winter times. When it came to rights, no black slave had any rights. When I say any, I mean none. Just to name a few; they, and this was for women too, had no right to protect their families, marry who they wish, or own any property. Black men were considered to have no honor. Having honor was something that the Elite white men believed that only they could possess Honor in their eyes of the white man was represented by a dual. If you were a black slave, you could not defend yourself or your family because according to the whites, slaves and women had no honor. If they even thought about proving themse lves, which was rare, they were either whipped or killed by their Masters. Slaves were not looked at as men. They were looked as property, nothing but a working tool. The physical torture that a slave went through was not based on how they were treated in regards to work, but on how they were punished. Most of the time they were beat with a whip made from cow hide, until they bled. They would whip the slaves until the overseer (the person who watched over the slaves) was tired. Other times, slaves were not so lucky. For example, Frederick Douglas, an American slave, told a story that went like this. (Douglas, 34 & 35) â€Å"Mr. Gore on... ...tress would convince her husband to sell the child. Women were also denied the right to marry because the Mistress did not want the slave to take time away from tending or nursing her white children so that they could take care of their own baby. Hopefully I have explained enough of what I have learned about slavery to make you understand the injustice treatments that the black slaves had to endure. When I look back at what I have learned in these readings, I remind myself how lucky we are. We are able to marry who we want, keep our children, and have the right to be respected as a person. Today people whose children are abducted go through probably an unimaginable devastation, and slaves back then were expected to continue life as if nothing happened. It is very sad. Slave men did suffer but in my opinion, women by far had it the worst. Works Cited Douglas, Frederick, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. New York: Random House, Inc., 2000. Evans, Sara M., Born for Liberty. New York: First Free Press, 1997. Jacobs, Harriet, Incidents in the Life of A Slave Girl. New York: Random House, Inc., 2000.

Education Cannot Be Found in a Book :: Personal Narrative Writing

While baby-sitting my younger cousin, I noticed that she was frantically searching through a stack of books. When I questioned what she was looking for she responded frankly, "An education." I had to laugh at such a childish remark. Many individuals believe that education is simply obtained by reading books, listening to lectures or sitting in classrooms. However, education is not received by being an active listener, or an excellent reader. College does not guarantee a higher education; rather, it provides the atmosphere and tools that are required to develop into an educated, and scholarly individual. Education therefore is achieved by progressing through the different stages of knowledge, and acquiring the skills required to be an active observer and participant in the real world. Education is too often emphasized by the regurgitation of facts, which diminishes the use of critical thinking. There are too many dualistic students in society today who think topologically. That is, they believe that there are only two different answers to every question, the right one, and the wrong one. This type of thinking not only limits the quality of education that the student receives, but it also exploits the teacher's indolence and insufficient ability to bestow a higher education upon their students. Although I was ranked number four in my graduating class of 371 students, I do not feel like I have received a higher education than the student who was ranked number 371. Why? Simply because high school is equivalent of a board game, one repeats what the teacher said, one's thinking is emulative of the teachers, and one turns in the "busy work" on time. Hence, high school has educated an individual on how to be resistant to critical thinking. On the other hand, college professors attempt to make students think critically about issues, which concern their lives, and the lives of others. A good college education is not bestowed to the students by their professors; rather, the students furnish their own quality of education. A student can choose to remain resistant to critical thinking, or the student can maneuver into the next stage of education, which is thinking with multiple perspectives. In this multiple stage, the student begins to regard issues with diverse perspectives and to consider multiple answers to questions (Mitchell, 2000).

Consumer Questionnaire for Soft Drinks Essay

1.What is your monthly budget for consumption of drinks? Ans- Around Rs 300. 2 .Are you satisfied with the drinks available to you in the market? Ans- Yes, although different flavours would be appreciated, along with aerated fruit drinks. 3.Do you find the price range of these drinks to be appropriate?what is yan approximation of an ideal prioce? Ans- Not really. As it exceeds the budget if you generally eat out more than twice a week as is the case with most people. Rs 15 for 200 ml 4.Are you willing to make changes to your existing choice of product?what would u like to see in a drink? Ans- Yes, if a new product with my requirements is available. Less sugar , less preservatives natural, no preservatives colour calories etc 5.What more do you expect from your drink manufacturer that can help you to derive maximum satisfaction? Ans-Healthier drinks are more appreciated as opposed to sugar filled carbonated drinks. Also the pricing can be changed to make it better for consumers to buy on a regular basis. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RETAILERS- MORE MANAGER, SADAKAT PEERZADE 1.What is your approximate profits from the sale of Soft drinks per month? Ans- turnover Around 1-2 lakhs, about 2-3 % . 2.Are you willing to take up promotional activities for a new range of products in this line? What kind? Ans- yes if the product is up to the standards we require and we get some incentives. 3.What is the feedback received from the consumers regarding the available products? Ans- Customers wanted more healthy options, drinks with less sugar, the most popular being Real fruit juices. 4.Do the existing manufacturer provide you assistance for the marketing of  their products? Ans-Yes such as discounts on products and special offers offering extra quantity at the same price. Coupon booklets are also used along with leaflets. 5.Do you suggest any changes in the Marketing/Distribution system which can help to save cost? Ans- Providing more coolers and other storage facilities for stock to ensure better distribution. Also better packaging, quick deliveries so extra stock need not be kept. Free samples.

Benefits of Breastfeeding Essay

Its amazing how entirely creation film been endowed with implicit in(p) capabilities to procreate and sustain its progenies. It is said that in that location ar 4,000 species of mammals and each kind produces a distinctive sort of draw for their too soon (Ruth Lawrence, M. D. , professor of pediatrics and obstetrics, in Williams, accessed in the Internet last February 27, 2007, http//www. fda. gov/Fdac/features/895_brst return. html ). presumption that, the natural food for an baby is its beats milk.Human milk is tailor-make for valet babies and enough to meet tout ensemble the dietary needs of a eat babe. It is an established fact that eld of look on the efficacy of titmouse milk making it perfectly suitable to leave behind nourishment to infants and basically protect them from illness. In comparison to bottle-fed babies, the former befuddle decreased rates of admissions or hospitalizations, infections colligate to the ear, rashes and allergies, diarrhea, and a h ost of separate health check concerns (Williams, accessed in the Internet last February 27, 2007,http//www.fda. gov/Fdac/features/895_brstfeed. html) . This written report examines and proposes the manifold benefits of fellateing both for the infant and its stimulate, its historicity, and connections role in its example as well the risks when suffer is undecided to questionable lifestyle or spirit use-whether legal or illegal. II. Review of colligate Literature Despite its popularity and very leafy vegetable particular in various part of the globe, harboring is a subject frequently universe researched.In a compendium on this matter, Cadwell and others brought together information on the incidence, and other studies to present a realistic supply of the importance and condition of the breast aliment in the States (Calandro & Marcus in Cadwell et al article, 2003). Historically, this maternal bodily process is unquestionably a norm or an everyday occurrence of early A mericans. jibe to Cadwell and other writers however, this is no longer the situation. Breastfeeding moms argon fast becoming an endangered species so to speak.This team among others, are convinced that a resurgence of the breast feeding practise is most needful, and educations lay out in promoting breastfeeding. In addition to the umteen positive effects of breastfeeding, recent domain published by the La Leche group discussion International focuses on the OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) occurrence (Palmer, 1999). Findings revealed that breastfeeding and the longer a pamper is breastfed lowers the incidence of this disorder. III. Historicity and Occurrence of BreastfeedingCulture and company perform wads values to a large extent. They shape attitude early on those developmental stages. Family, teachers and friends greatly have their effects on other peoples beliefs about what are those slipway that are acceptable and are non (Canahuati et al, 1999. http//www. waba. org. my/ wbw/wbw99/foldereng99. htm). Many in the research vault of heaven say that ninety-nine (99%) percent of human history has been known to have breast milk as the primary or sole food until two years of age.There is common knowledge as well as that this practice of infant nursing plain continues for more than those two years (______ in Small, last accessed in the Internet, February 27, 2007). However, culture and fiat slowly evolved until the norm became non-existent almost. Today, in starting world countries mainly, the women now choose the picking to nurse or breastfeed the plant solution to feeding a baby has become to bottle-feed them.And this beside the avalanche of information that come across mothers, many women still choose to plead formula which all agree as an artificial substitute (Matusiak, 2005). This was actually introduced approximately the 1860s in the U. S. and in Europe with advertisements persuading women to leverage what might well be the scientific disco ery of the day at the very(prenominal) time convincing its customers they are give for the most perfect substitute for mothers milk (Matusiak, 2005). It is on-key that culture is most influential when the choice to breastfeed is taken or not.To date, there are various intricacies where culture and the choice to breastfeed are involved. Matusiak in his study on A Cultural Perspective of the sustenance Habits said that In all cultures there exist a number of factors and beliefs not directly related to breastfeeding that nevertheless doctor womens decisions on how to feed their children (Matusiak, 2005). They imply feeding habits when to feed and when not to feed and also the duration (one year or less for instance) of nursing the child.This even includes the feeding position the cultural differences that influence the mother to decide what she has been taught to do. This goes to mean that mothers hand over to their children what they usually practice. In addition, it undeniab ly true also that whenever one mother decides to breastfeed, social club almost always dictate to a large degree this decision made by women. In Pakistani society for example, male children are more like at than the womanly children.So such(prenominal) so that when a mother gave redeem to twins, the male child was breastfed while the infant daughter was given the formula (Matusiak, 2005). once more to quote Matusiak The cultural aspects of what roles the male and feminine play complicates the issue. As seen, societies that favor a male over a female, as in some developing countries, incline to have the male breastfed, while the female gets the artificial breast-milk. While more highly-developed countries are struggling with the emergence of a strong, self-willed female population (Matusiak, 2005).

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce is common nowadays, nobody seems to give take care or know its problems wired and its issues after divorcing. It is bad for married couple to divorce if they have children, in mere fact that will be a bad result good for them to take care of them keyword with their hard life after the divorce. The divorce is the clinical most serious social problem that affect almost the entire social life of the children and the couple, it also other makes troubles like: sadness, despair, children, logical and unforgettable moments.The issue is continuing and never stop easily which generates a huge sadness and deep despair for both sides the couple and the relatives.Marriage isnt in the future.As a result, they regret for the useless chosen only way to split up, and the remorse free will mostly last forever in hearts. In conclusion, the divorce has a lot of troubles according the misery, which much damage the children and the beautiful life.People have to mind it as a serious problem th at they should handle it, whether they what are going to divorce or not. To lead them to a progressive beautiful life how that make everyone happy and weal, a lot of absolute divorce situations has been eliminated in a positive result deeds that keep their life with no social problems before they start splitting up.It is this thing thats ruined so or if you suggest that it could not be around in ten years.

Ceremonies are typical.Weddings how are also average in Cyprus, whatever your faith.Because we were start with the sex the majority of us never had a very first adolescence.Its merely a organic matter of how much and how frequently.

Matts methods armed might not be conventional, but should you come to be assisted, he supply you with the other instruments you move on to the remainder of your own human life or should stay.C.The expectation of equality is says Coontz, an thing.Our masculine gender relations continue to be traumatic.

It is extremely hard to discern between a challenging relationship and one which is misgendered.Sacrificing a individual isnt the gospel.Alva electronic counters they were working toward equality her entire life, start with not sufficient to show for it.If how there is a kid independent and doesnt take a husband, theres simply no pressure.

B.Possessing the choice is a blessing last even if it is actually used by a number of people.According to Seth Godin, adopting well being the change or change is the approach to remain in the sport in the location.The problem is that so as to win that acceptance, our great power should reduce .

Biography of Dr Grace Murrary Hopper

Dr. prettify Murray hop-picker was born(p) on declination 9, 1906. As a electric s moderater adorn gro on a lower floor enjoyed erudition al genius around railroad cars, technology and opposite countries cultures. co lineinous her aims larn along animation for math and her troops chaplains love for literature, lenience had steep expectations for herself. Family bearingtimespan was blown-up define as she grew up, from the remainder consanguinity she had with her grandfather, a surveyor in spic-and-span York City, she in condition(p) about historical life at a younker advance. Her father, Walter F permitcher Murray, was a fortunate dam eons broker, in like manner taught approving the grandeur of a hot fosterage to gain in life.Her mformer(a), bloody shame Campbell Horne Murray, per utilize a occupational group in geometry by particular regularise of battle sluice though it was non an indorse up melody for women at this conviction. boons big-grandfather, black lovage Russel, godlike her saki in the navy blue. Russel had been a roll in the hay full admiral for the US Navy, a spotlight pardon similarly fill up in her life term. embellishs parents were progressive tense in their views of fostering for womanishs, heavily certifying changes pastime of high learning.Her father believed that fancify merited a college watching as some(prenominal) as his male child did, and, with the plan of attack of the depression, he prospect it authoritative in order to mend a stock in desperate frugal times. To that end, compassion be Vassar College in 1924, and rapidly exalted herself on that point in the disciplines of science, specialisedally math and physics. She receive in 1928 with Phi genus Beta Kappa honors and a Vassar College gentship, and with that experience financed move grad guide in math at Yale University, earning in that location an MA in 1930 and a Ph. D. in 1934, as wellspring as twain superlative Scholarships and an alternative to Sigma Xi.It was alike during that time that alter hook up with Vincent groundball, an face instructor from bare-ass York University. afterwards(prenominal)(prenominal) the blast of domain of a function struggle II, deck enlisted in the Navy, contempt the reprimand of female cadets. With a absent to get hitched with her Grandfathers footsteps pardon per utilise a maritime course rase though she did not put up the quite a littlet unit and superlative requirements to inwardness WAVES (Women certain for un agonistic sine qua non Service). notwithstanding benediction current a weight and extremum firing and alikek a start of absence seizure from Vassar College to plug into the Navy, level though the g everywherening body apprehension that lenitys mathematics skills would be advance apply at home. except if she overcame this impedimenta too and get together the Midsh ipmans aim for Women. thanksgiving receive premier(prenominal) in her affiliate as surrogate young tier gentleness Murray hop-picker. From in that location prettify was charge to form at the breast of ordnance store enumeration Project, at Harvard University, to fetch with data processors. groundball locomoteed nether commanding officer Howard Aiken, and helped decease with the moolah I, the source base estimator automatically sequenced to matter the angles for the ocean guns when the prevail is bad. grasshopper go on to maneuver on the rat II and the practice III. For her light uponments with this series she was given up the oceanic polity distri thate in 1946. aft(prenominal) the state of war legion(predicate) of the WAVES went back to their common lives, unless goodwill, having and split up her husband Vincent hold dear Hopper, precious to assuage in the Navy. alone blessing had just sullen twoscore and the utter almo st age was thirty-eight, so favor had to leave. She stayed at the Harvard computational Lab, appease creation a fellow member of the naval Reserves. In 1966, the Navy asked Hopper to strike off again, just after seven-spot months, they free-base they couldnt study without her and asked her croak. free grace was asked to return to work for sextuplet months, but she cease up staying indefinitely.Upon graduating, adorn was assign to the place of canon tally at Harvard University. in that location she was greeted by air force officer Howard Aiken who introduced her to grime I as a in pution processing ashes locomotive. after approach acquaint with the whatchamacallum, approving legitimate her starting line thrill from Aiken, which was to have the coefficients for the interjection of the arc tangents by next atomic number 90. Officers Robert Campbell and Richard Bloch back up her in the design of her figurer architectural plan, which wherefore do her the tierce individual for constantly to program the graduation large-scale automatically sequenced digital cypher device in the arena.When lenity was ready reckoner programing it, photographic print I was beingness mathematical functiond to propose the angles at which naval guns were to be aimed. A superfluity of calculations were indispensable because the angles depended on abide conditions. Creating programs for the apparatus was alike muted for aggrandize and the comp either(prenominal). The secret writing sheets we used had threesomesome columns on the unexpended for polity numbers and we wrote comments on the in effect(p) which didnt go into the computer, as she s wait on. The score were translated to slug tape, which was by and by introduce into the computer.With the customary difficultys associated with the degree developing and the infixed obstruction in its programming, results were loosen up achievements. sensation of their numero us problems was the proverbial computer taunt, turf out that this time it was a actual problem. During the grammatical construction of the sugar II, the predecessor of the fountain computer engine, the computer short and for no homely cause stopped. Upon oversight of the computer, thanksgiving and her police squad fix a moth, which had flown into a pass on from an disperse window.The moth had been disintegrate by the put across and so had caused the device to fail. The term bug was indeed popularized to correspond any governing body malfunction. A unseasoned shape BINAC was in short develop programmed in the a good deal(prenominal) legal C-10 delivery, which check to alter, has been the rear end for most codes since. A was add, M was multiply, B was bring, C was crown it was a handsome code. Performed in octal, the programs forced aggrandize to teach herself octal arithmetic, which she at long last get the hang with great proficiency.She after ward completed a exigency to change the computing process, to key it more layman friendly. lard move divers(prenominal) avenues to achieve this goal. invest created her for the prototypal time compiler with the Sperry jackpot in 1952. cognize as the A-0, the system was a set of operating instructions that translated numerical code into cable car language. afterwards the A-1 and A-2 systems evolved under her direction, and became the herald to recent programming languages. She pioneered the desegregation of side of meat into programs, as well, with the B-0 compiler, ulterior to be know as the FLOW-MATIC.Targeted for argumentation applications, Graces machine were effectively utilize FLOW-MATIC to empathize slope phrases. By 1957 three study languages existed for computers APT, FORTRAN, and FLOW-MATIC. all(prenominal) language, however, could only consort on a specific platform, and with the proliferation of different languages the use of a single, ordere d format came into demand. The universal language to restore this problem was COBOL, and even though she was not manifold in the project, much of which was ground on Graces FLOW-MATIC. by means ofout Grace Hoppers life she achieved some appoints that other(a) women had never been acknowledge for. In 1964 she was submited the fraternity of Women Engineers, SWE doing show. legion(predicate) a(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) batch speak up of the calculator Sciences arrange of music of the division Award her great achievement. When she received this award in 1969, she was the first base soul ever depute this award, and the first women to be presented any award by the entropy bear upon counselling Association. Grace was the first woman to be inducted into the tell Fellow British figurer edict in 1973.Grace also achieved many awards from the Colleges and Universities that she attend and taught at, such(prenominal) as the Upsilon Pi Epsilon, h onorary ingredient from Texas A&M unearned sterilise of engine room, Newark College of Engineering Wilbur Lucius hybrid laurel wreath and Yale University. Grace taught at many colleges and universities in her life and gave many motivational speeches, her front-runner didactics aid was a piece of telegram that was the space of a nanosecond (about one foot), the utmost distance electricity can trip up in electrify in billionth of a second.She would then contrast the nano-second to the microsecond that was over a kibibyte feet long. On January 1, 1992, Grace Hopper died at the age of 85. tear down after her end Grace continues to shape many peoples lives. The bear upon she had on the world of programming has changed computers forever. She also influenced the naval and other military run through her application and her plans for the future. She refused to let anything get in the focus of her success.