Panic Attacks Essay

Beryls father had died 5 years ago and her mother had recently been diagnosed with having dementia. Beryl was seeing her GP on a unshakable basis, seeking re-assurance with chest pains. She had undergone a number of medical tests and her physical health was good for her age. The Assessment Beryl reported that she first experienced panic attacks as a teenager, and could remember difficult arguments with her father. Her GP prescribed medication for anxiety and panic attacks when she was in her early twenties, during a stressful time in her work environment, world married with 2 small children and running a home.The work situation was not resolved and Beryl was eventually made redundant. She remained at home, looking after the children and her husband. Beryls father died when she in her thirties, which left Beryl feeling responsible for her mother, who could not adjust to losing her husband. The Approach Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) was selected because it can teach the c lient how to change negative thinking with positive thinking and uses cognitive exercises to dispel irrational beliefs.In the initial assessment, there was clear evidence that Beryl wanted to make a change and she was keen to engage in homework tasks. She was able to focus on the relevant issues for therapy and her treatment goals were discussed and agreed. At times of increased stress for Beryl, a vicious cycle was activated, involving fear, physical symptoms, catastrophic interpretations of bodily sensations, and safety behaviours. Treatment work addressed the panic attacks which, in turn, led to a shift with the agoraphobic symptoms. The validity of Beryls catastrophic interpretations was tested out through discussion and ehavioural experiments. Alternative non-catastrophic thinking was introduced and safety behaviours were identified and decreased. Throughout therapy, Beryl was encouraged to keep a diary to identify her unhelpful thinking which led to her negative feelings and behaviour. She was also encouraged to talk about her fears which enabled Beryl to see that they were unfounded. Conclusion Due to Beryls eminent level of motivation, therapy progressed well and only 8 sessions of REBT were appropriate to bring about lasting change.

Health Care Communication Methods Essay

This notice is part of an cultivation package I, as the administrator of the dismal Pines Nursing Home, will be sending out to two the supply here at the midst and to the administrative staff of the trilled Hills Corporation. This instruction will suffice facilitate the transfer of those house physicians here at Shady Pines that no longer f every last(predicate) under the prevue of the new corporate guidelines. As slightly of the residents stick converse issues or have no local family support, we as their caregivers need to discover that alone orders of communication are utilized to ensure a smooth motion situation. Some of these methods will every last(predicate)ow in the more traditional types, such as earn or phone c entirelys to the guardians of those affected by the relocation (Du Pr, 2005). Other methods avail adapted for our use will be electronic in nature. One type of electronic communication is email (Du Pr, 2005). Social media communication types, such as texts to the guardians, will be utilize when all other types of communication has failed.Each of these types of communication will also be used within the Shady Pines facility, to keep all staff updated on any changes that indubitably occur and to help ease the transition as well. Communication between the staff at Shady Pines and Rolling Hills is life-sustaining also, so that any conflicts can be handled efficiently. As I mentioned before, one of the different types of communication we have available to us is what many consider the traditional format. This type embroils such methods as phone calls and earn to the guardians of the residents who are on the list to be moved (Du Pr, 2005). Please fall in sure to blaspheme all contact information before releasing the minimal flesh out in either the letters or phone calls. The team needs to make all conscious effort to follow all HIPAA regulations with thesecommunications. skin senses your department carry onr if you have qu estions before sending out the written correspondences. We need to make the letters as easy to understand as possible.Letters are more secure than almost other types of interaction in that the letter is addressed to the corresponding person. We will be using interdepartmental memos for the various correspondences within the Shady Pines facility. I see more phone conversations between our center and the Rolling Hills staff as this is a faster method of staying in touch with our new sister agency. some other method we will make use of will be emailed communication. Some of the residents guardians will have odd their contact information, but there again, please be sure to follow all HIPAA regulations when including personal wellness information in verbalise emails. This type of communication is sometimes quicker than letters, depending on the persons access to a computer network. Email may not be the most secure method of communication. If a person uses a Smartphone as their access point and it is lost or stolen, then the emails and all personal health information (PHI) can be accessed by unauthorized people.The last method I mentioned falls under the social media category. Methods such as texting, or posting any type of PHI on a social media site is strictly against all HIPAA policies, both state and federal. The best our contact staff can use the text messages for is to encourage the guardian to make contact with the center on an weighty matter. I have plans in the works to create a specific department to handle the details of contact between both the guardians, as well as the residents affected by the potential move. I plan to follow the same guidelines that the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) have in place to manage the many different departments under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) umbrella.According to Draper (2014), These communication mechanisms include the agencys operational planning process crosscutting workg roups and meetings and regular communications among the Office of the Administrator, leaders in the bureaus and offices, and agency staff (p. 18). Using these different processes will help keep everyone in the communication handbuild and give everyone the support needed during this merger of our two agencies. I have plans to continue this method of communication after the merger is complete to help insure the continuation of efficient interaction between both centers. As most of our residents are in theolder age category, we need to take particular disport in how we pass along the transfer information to those who require it. We should not discriminate on the residents ages and assume that all the affected residents will feel the same about the move to a new location (Du Pr, 2005). Every person is an individual and should be treated as such. Be considerate with those affected, as this will be a very traumatic experience for them.According to Du Pr, patients interpret their health within the arena most familiar to them everyday life (p. 116). That being said it is important to be as empathic as possible, giving the resident as much information as he or she can handle to be able to understand the changing situation. go for in mind that many of the residents have low health literacy and will not be able to understand some types of medical terminology in context. Be attentive to any stress indicators and be attentive to the feelings of those affected. I have mentioned the merger of our center with that of the Rolling Hills center. Good communication is needed to ensure that the transition from our center to the new one is a smooth one.We will be using such communication methods like phone calls, letters, email, and fax to keep all merger information up to date. Contact with the guardians of the affected residents will fall under all HIPAA regulations in the matter of the PHI given out. Keep in mind the medical literacy level of the residents involved in the mo ve. Using the new department to keep all matters of contact organized and flowing will help increase our efficiency during this transitional period. Other information will follow listing the people who are in charge of in the transitional unit of measurement and what sections they cover. Again, if you have and questions or if any difficulties arise, please notify your department immediately.ReferencesDraper, D. A. (2014). Review of Internal Communication Mechanisms, Staffing, and pulmonary tuberculosis ofContracts. Washington DC, Maryland GAO Reports. Retrieved from the University ofPhoenix Library.Du Pr, A. (2005). Communicating about health Current issues and perspectives (2nd ed).Boston, MA McGraw Hill.

Plato’s Utopia

PLATOs UTOPIA I. What is the main argument of Plato about troupe, social relationships, and the individuals relationship with his social club? Plato, the Father of Philosophy, was known as a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, founder of the Academy in Athens, and lastly, as a writer. In fact, one of his books, The Republic, was one of the best-known work and has proven to be one of the more or less intellectu bothy and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory. The central principle of this book is Platos argument about the high-minded society.Likewise, it was said that the main argument of The Republic is about being a good person, the struggle for justice. Plato ideally dreamt of a world grounded by genuine goodness. Moreover, Platos account doesnt only talks about the ideal society and justice, he as well focuses on the issues about goodness, censorship, commandment, etc. With concerns to censorship, in this book, he mentioned that censorshi p (basically referring to videos and music), plays an important role in one society because basically, it could give manifest to everyone in a republic, and thus rump lead tribe to of course, do whatever they want.Another concept or argument in Platos account is his belief of goodness. He emphasizes that being good is actually good, and to summate on to that, he also stated that virtue is what makes a person internal and thus gives unison to ones soul. Education was also one of the theme of the text. In his writing, this great philosopher pointed out that education was the whole course of the state, of our lives. It is all about our ethics, jobs, life, career, destiny and faith.In relation to this, he mentioned about the concept of realism which talks about how a person deals with the world and not transcend on judging culture. Likewise, Platos republic also deal with the solutions to overcome sexual discrimination. According to him, men and women can be all in all equalized on the premise that women must never be again mothers. Plato believed that this is what it would take to overcome sexual specialisation in hierarchy. Lastly, he made the Theory of Forms what is rue in an absolute sense, what is possible to know. To sum it up, basically, Platos republic is about life, how you live and leave it. Its not just about his wishes on having an ideal society, but also, is about REALITY. II. Regardless of your position with regard to Platos views about society and the citizen, what are the tierce most important lessons about citizenship and life within a political community or society that you can derive from the discussions in the documentary film?Justice, Education and Equality. These three were the most important and worth(predicate) lessons which Platos Republic emphasized. First is Justice. In the first part of the documentary film, the scene was already characterisation the struggle of the republic for justice. Plato s vision of an ideal society is li nked to the idea of justice, the prevalence of truth, for it is a contributing factor on how to obtain a peaceful and orderly kind of community. Second is the enormousness of education.Plato believed that a well-education person has all the skills needed in order to come up with wise decisiveness especially in the political realm. Thus, can incorporate justice in the society, in the government which also can resist vices like corruption. And third, is the vital sense of equality, especially between the rights of men and women. As we all know, women were treated differently as to men, they were deprived of having the rights which men have like having the right to education. So, sexual discrimination, as we call it, was one of the issues which Plato wishes to resolve.He maintained that prospective male and female, should receive the same education and be appoint to the same vital functions within the society. III. How does social groovy fit into the underlying view of citizenship? Social capital refers to connections among individuals social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness. It is a resource should be used for public good or for the good of individuals thus facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and therefore solve modern issues.With those definitions, it can be seen that social capital fit into the underlying view of citizenship for it entails the duties and responsibilities that a citizen must have. What I look on is that, as a citizen, the idea of social capital can be of big help for it lets the people to be aware of certain issue which actually leads them to be active enough to collaborate in order to find innovative solutions and remedies. The idea of social capital also helps the citizens to utilize and maximize their resources for the onward motion of their society. .

Problems of Democracy in Pakistan Essay

After historic period of army dictatorships followed by sham democracy, the situation in Pakistan has reached such a point that the masses be earnest for radical switch. Their suffering is immense as the people at the top continue to enrich themselves at the expensive of the workers and peasants, collaborating with imperialism as it rides rough-shod over the people of Pakistan. Everything is moving to an inevitable revolutionist explosion. Pakistans Supreme royal court in its verdict of 16 December, 2009 decl atomic number 18d the notorious NRO null and void ab initio.The National rapprochement Ordinance of October 2007 was promulgated by the then President of Pakistan world-wide Parvaiz Musharraf. It was the outcome of a deal he had struck with Benazir Bhutto, life Chairperson of the Pakistan Peoples Party in a covert conflict in Abu Dhabi. The deal was brokered by the United States and Britain. The aim was to create a new setup that could facilitate the imperialist war an d otherwise interests in this turbulent region. According to this ordinance all cases of politicians including corruption, murder, extortion, kidnappings and other heinous crimes would be withdrawn.Some of the major beneficiaries are this instant in power including Benazirs widower Zardari, now the President of Pakistan and some of his most sinister ministers. The other important beneficiary is the Muteheda Qaumi Movement, MQM, whose leader, an absconder resident in capital of the United Kingdom for several years, and its other leading figures were facing charges of murder and other crimes. The MQM is a mafia-type organisation with neo-fascist tendencies and its main ideological baggage is found on ethnic conflict. The present democratic dispensation is the product of such a sinful design. After Benazirs black lotion in December 2007 Musharrafs fate was sealed.The plan B came into action mechanism and Zardari having a long standing relationship with US strikeicials was cat apulted into the presidency with his firm assurance that he would be more subservient to the Americans than Musharraf or Benazir could ever suck up been. The Electoral College for this election are comprised of members of the National and idyll assemblies who were elected in the February 2008 elections, the results of which were tailor-made in Washington to serve the imperialist strategies. Ironically this unanimity, or satis detailion, between all the severalizeies inParliament was prompted by a collective fear on the part of these representatives of the rule class in the wake of the beginnings of a mass movement that they witnessed on the arrival of Benazir from expatriate in Karachi on October 18, 2007 and freshr after the explosion of the wrath of the workers, peasants and youth at the news of her assassination on December 27, 2007. After a long period of suffering, the oppressed in Pakistan had risen up in the hope that the leader of their traditional party, the palatop haryngoplasty under Benazir Bhutto, would be a beacon of change and free them from the unrelenting misery and distress.The Americans had already done their homework with the PPP leaders, who mainly come from the blotto classes, to divert this outburst into a democratic election and window dressing of democracy. These leaders drowned the mass displeasure and revolt in sorrow and despair. They refused to call for a general strike for the elections to be held on the schedule date of January 8, 2008 and blocked the movement. This gave an opportunity to the Pakistani resign and its imperialist masters to regroup their forces and stave off the threat of a revolutionary upheaval.The armed forces in Pakistan has ruled directly for more than half of the realms 62 years of chequered history. All the phalanx regimes were supported and propped up by US imperialism. During the democratic intermissions the plight of the masses continued to deteriorate. After the first decade (1947-58) of de mocratic regimes, such was the crisis that when warlike Law was imposed by Field Martial Ayub Khan there was even a disposition of relief amongst several components of society. Ayub Khan had the impertinence to say in one of his initial narratements we must understand that democracy cannot work in a hot climate.To have democracy we must have a cold climate like Britain. General Ayub told the first meeting of his cabinet, As far as you are concerned there is only one embassy that matters in this country the American Embassy. The Ayub dictatorship embarked upon an ambitious economical, agrarian and industrial programme in the 1960s, mainly sponsored by US Aid and the World Bank. Although Pakistan achieved its highest growth judge under Ayub, Keynesian economic policies failed to improve the lot of the masses.The aggravated social contradictions exploded into the revolution of 1968-69 that was essentially of a socialist character. See Pakistans Other Story-The 1968-69 Revoluti on. The failure of the existing left leadership to moot a clear revolutionary programme and perspective to the movement resulted in the rise of the Populism of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Due to the absence seizure of a Bolshevik-Leninist revolutionary party the revolution was lost. But it did shake the whole of South Asia. The persuasion classes initially tried to impose Martial Law over once more. However, its failure to curb the tide resulted in the first elections based on the adult franchise in 1970 where the PPP became the largest party in West Pakistan.Having failed to curtail the revolutionary wave that pierced through the ballot, ultimately the notion classes resorted to a war with India, which led to the break-up of Pakistan and then Bhutto was assumption power who, forced by the pressure of the masses, initiated radical reforms from above, merely only to exhaust the revolution brew below. Bhuttos elected left reformist government was subsequently overthrown by a military machine coup led by General Zia ul Haq in July 1977, who later hanged Bhutto at the behest of US imperialism.The eleven-year brutal dictatorship of Zia was peradventure the most traumatic period for the working masses in Pakistan. In connivance with the Americans, Zia propped up and unleashed the living creature of Islamic fundamentalism to crush the left. The continuance of that grotesque monstrosity is what produced the present day fundamentalist terror that is bust apart the social fabric of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Zia Dictatorship began to crumble after another upheaval on the exceed from exile of Bhuttos daughter Benazir in April 1986. The contradictions in the already weakened dictatorship were thus sharpened.General Zias plane was conveniently blown up in mid air in terrific 1988 some have speculated that this may have been done at the request of the Americans, whom the megalomaniac and insane general had begun to refuse seeking his own personal agenda. From 1988 to 1999 there was another democratic interlude, where Benazir and Nawaz Sharif alternated in short stints of rulerships. This period was damage by an orgy of corruption, incompetence, spiralling economic decline and chaos. General Musharraf took power in a bloodless(prenominal)(prenominal) coup by overthrowing Sharif.Musharraf then introduced a quasi-democracy in 2002 but the 9/11 episode in the ground forces once again made another dictator another main American collaborator. This time the facade was not against communists but we had the so-called war against terror. Musharrafs demise and the regime that ensued once again brought unprecedented agony and pain for the people of Pakistan. History has turned full circle. This vicious cycle of Pakistans political superstructure dictatorship to democracy and back to dictatorship has brought no respite to society.Only the suffering has intensified. In reality this is a reflection of the ongoing social and economic crisis built in to the foundations of this tragic country. The Pakistani ruling class after its independence from direct British rule came onto the scene of history too late and with this came an inability to develop the economy. It was a weak class even at its inception. It could not produce decorous surpluses for its profits and capital needed to tap the resources of the country and carry out its historical role of the interior(a) revolution that its pioneers had envisaged.It adjusted itself accordingly, and its survival depended on the one hand by being subservient to imperialism and on the other allying itself and compromising with the landed aristocracy created under the Raj. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, as early as November 1947, less than three months after the formation of Pakistan, had sent his emissary to Washington asking for a $2bn loan. The response he got was a mere $10million of loose change. The failure of Pakistans ruling elite is evident 62 years later. None of the national democratic working classs have been completed. Several agrarian reforms have failed to abolish feudalism.Pakistan came into existence not as a nation but as a state comprising different nationalities. National conquering continues and the national question has become a festering wound on the body politic of this country. The task of the formation of a modern nation state is far from being achieved and will in fact further deteriorate with the threatening crisis. This state of incompleteness of the tasks has wrought havoc on the social and economic life of Pakistani society. The social and political infrastructure is in a state of collapse. National reign is a farce and hardly anybody believes in the states independence.Imperialist intervention and domination is on a greater scale today than it was in 1947, the year of Pakistans creation. Except for a a couple of(prenominal) years under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, all the finance ministers have been employees of the World B ank or other imperialist financial institutions. Now the US is even trying to control sections of Pakistans armed forces and intruding its military corporate contractors to take over security in several vital parts of the country. These include motive Blackwater now XE securities, DynCorp and others. An embittered general described the strategic relationship as Americans using Pakistan as a condom.The conflicts within the army are also the result of this aggressive hegemony being thrust into the Militarys domain. This is already giving rise to bloody conflicts among different agencies and sections of the armed forces representing black money and other sections of finance capital. This conflict is being waged covertly at the present time. But if a desperate imperialism faces an impending defeat in Afghanistan and tries a partial US occupation of NWFP (Pushtoonkhwa), it could even trigger a repellant crisis in the army already under strain from carrying out the CENTCOM instructions on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.The fallout could have catastrophic consequences. Similarly the severe crisis of Pakistani capitalism has failed to develop a parliamentary democracy. The Pakistani ruling class, in the wake of its economic failures turned to plunder of the state at an early stage. They pay less than 10% of total taxation revenues. The real burden falls on the working class who are forced to pay more than 80% of the revenues through indirect taxation. The capitalist class steals electricity and gas, charm billions of dollars of bank loans have been written off.According to the figures presented before the Supreme Court of Pakistan, a small section of these leeches annual corruption exceeds Rs. 500 billion (US$6. 2bn). Most of this money is stashed away in western banking havens. As this process started to become more and more evident, the army, the most powerful instrument of the state, started to become part of this offense nexus of plunderers and usurpers. The drug-funded and US/Saudi sponsored Afghan Jihad brought even greater loot to the coffers of the generals. Other institutions of the state and society including the judiciary, the bureaucracy and the media joined in this orgy of corruption.Hence, whenever there was a political crisis (conflict of the civilian plunderers) the military moved in to quell the rot. The dictatorships bred more corruption and as they began to lose their grip democracy was introduced the main reason being the growing danger of a mass revolt that is provoked by these inhibitory regimes. Although even a bourgeois democracy is a progressive step forward as compared to military dictatorships, the exploitative system that the military rulers intervene to salvage remains intact. In Pakistan this crisis-ridden system again creates a political instability that reflects the burning economic turmoil.The army and state are not a class, but in the last analysis the economic and social conditions determine the nature o f the regime that is needed by the ruling class to preserve the system of exploitation of labour. Comrade Ted Grant elaborated on this in 1949 The state by its very nature is composed of a bureaucracy, officers, generals, heads of police etc. But those do not constitute a class they are the instrument of a class even if they may be in antagonism to that class. They cannot themselves be a class. (The unbroken thread, pp. 235).In Pakistan the irony is that time and again the masses have risen up against the dictatorship, fundamentally to overthrow the yoke of exploitation and misery inflicted upon them by this vicious system of class rule. When they were allowed even to make half a choice through the ballot-box they propelled the PPP to power. Yet their hopes have been dashed time and again by the PPP in government in the short span of less than 40 years. The toiling masses have been loyal to their tradition for generations. The ruling class only allowed the PPP into the corridors of power to dissipate the mass upsurge.Above all the ruling class, the state and the imperialists have used the capitulating leaders of the PPP to carry through cuts, privatisations and other drastic anti-working class measures. They could not have achieved so much with the right-wing governments of Sharif, etc. , but even under the dictatorships they combined perplexity with repression. However, at least in the 1970s the PPP government did carry through some reforms for the approach of the impoverished masses. In the later PPP governments since 1988 such was the crisis of Pakistani capitalism that there was no board for even minimal reforms.

Mental Health Parity Act of 1996 Essay

The law allowed an increased cost exemption, which stated that employers that can demonstrate a one percent or more rise in costs due to parity implementation will be allowed to exempt themselves from the law. The mental Health Parity Act did not include rules for utility charges, designations for the number of inpatient hospital days or outpatient visits that must be covered, reporting in data link with Medicare or Medicaid, restrictions on a health insurance plans ability to manage care, and coverage for treatment of substance abuse or chemical dependency.I do not think that the Mental Health Parity Act was successful, because there are many people still in this realism who dont have insurance have to leave more than what people with insurance do. pull down some people with insurance have to pay a lot out of pocket for services. unconstipated when it was still in act, it only took effect to people with major disabilities. This left most of the population having to pay for many of the services themselves.

The White Dog Cafe

later on careful consideration of the case, Walking the Walk Putting Social Responsibility into Action at the color tag cafe, we believe that Judys main obligation is to find a qualified employee that has the same implemental values as herself, and who can maintain the companys philosophy of corporate social indebtedness. The chapters utilize in this proactive social responsibility strategy are Managements Social and respectable Responsibility and Influence, Power, and Leadership.For livid Dog Cafe to be successful and to be able to keep up with their current frantic pace they need to hire multiple managers with equal skills and values as Judy, and equilibrium social responsibility and eating house quality. If there comes a day that Judy is no longer able to formally lead the organization, her main responsibility is to find ethical advocates with equal management skills that will be a positive livelihood to the etiolated Dog Cafe, and keep the tradition of Madame Blavatsk ys spirit and commitment to others.Judys high involvement within the company leaves her no time to go through the hiring process for when she decides to measure down from her position. Being an altruistic manager, Judy is capable of balancing not only an abundant amount of projects and programs for the biotic community but also a four-star restaurant. When the restaurant was first established, Judy had enforced the four-part philosophy to the company she had made it well up known to the employees and influenced the stakeholder audits of what she wanted to accomplish.Even though Judy was able to achieve an immense amount of tasks, it would be more(prenominal) efficient for the company to hire different transformational leaders for specific areas of White Dog Cafe. By promoting several(prenominal) employees to the manager positions, the company can be assured that they will not only thrive in the restaurant, but also in the ethical social responsibility aspect of the company. If J udy were to hire someone exterior of the company, White Dog Cafe could risk losing their balance causing an iron law of responsibility.For instance, Ben & Jerrys and The trunk Shop had been bought out by two different companies that did not support the amount of social responsibility that the original companies were known for. This could be avoided by hiring current employees for the management positions because they already understand and abide by the companys philosophy. By whistle blowing the new managers, the employees, can reassure the existence of the White Dog Cafes philosophy, and make certain that the managers understand how reacting with reactive social responsibility strategies is not acceptable.White Dog Cafe needs to promote its enlightened self-interest of community service by let their customers know what the company is accomplishing it will open the eyes of their clientele, and may lead to more loyal customers. with Judys legitimate power, employees can promote th eir projects and programs by hanging wall decor of awards and pictures on their restaurant walls, descriptions on their menus, and a website explaining everything they achieve.Customers come into the restaurant for the exquisite food, exceptional customer service, and friendly atmosphere however, if White Dog Cafe ever had been bought out by amoral managers, the customers and employees can stand their ground with continuous reinforcement and protest any managers that dont qualify for the legitimate position that is of importance to the company. In the long-run future, when Judy decides to step-down from her high power position, she will have promoted several managers, creating even more empowerment within the company.By advertising all of their accomplishments and support to their community, White Dog Cafe will gain immense amounts of attention for more than just their service, attracting a wide variety of customers. The White Dog Cafes manager position is really stressful with al l of the planning and organizing within the company these managers need to accept emotional intelligence. We believe that with proper leadership skills, and accommodative social responsibility strategies that White Dog Cafe can prosper in Philadelphias community.

Malaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Malaria - Research Paper ExampleThe authorship attempts to explore the type of microbes that cause malaria symptoms of malaria the system it affects and the cellular and molecular mechanism of malaria along with the key proteins voluminous in this process. The paper also aims at exploring the efficacy of drugs for the treatment of various forms of malaria and the challenges ahead due to drug resistance developed by malarial parasites. Microbes Responsible for Malaria As such many microbes be liable causing malaria however, the important ones are plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum causing malaria in most part of the piece (World Malaria Report). Symptoms of Malaria Usual symptoms of malaria are shivering, fever, vomiting and headache and likely to appear only after a workweek or two after the mosquito bite. In case of cerebral malaria, clinical symptoms resemble considerably to the symptoms that bristle from meningitis and pneumonia and therefore malaria microscopy can non help there much as a diagnostic tool for clinical management. If not treated in time, malarial parasites can cause death as it disintegrates red cells and disrupts supply of prodigal to the major organs of the body (World Health Organization). Cellular and Molecular Biology of plasmodium At cellular level plasmodium performs two major actions. Erythrocyte onset is the first action that plasmodium finishes at the cellular level. after(prenominal) assault it modifies erythrocytes to make them fit for habitat (Wiser). Plasmodium is known to have triple invasive forms such as merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite. It will be worth pondering on the erythrocyte invasion of merozoites. Merozoites take no time to enter erythrocytes because erythrocyte is the preferred host cell type. The invasion is a complicated process but it passes through four steps and that can be described as Merozoite binding Erythrocyte deformation and reorientation Junction formation and parasite entry (Wis er). Though several(prenominal) merozoite surface proteins participate in the action, merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is the prominent of all. Moreover, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) also participates in the whole process of targeting sporozoites. After binding to the erythrocyte is complete, the apical end of the parasite gets aligned with erythrocyte membrane. This also results into erythrocyte deformation. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is intricate in the realignment process. Specialized apical organelles called micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules are involved in the invasive process of parasites. With the invasion of parasite, the apical organelles are spewed out indicating that organelles do play some role in invasion. It has been established that micronemes are spewed out as the contact amidst the parasite and host takes place. The rhoptries are discharged after the micronemes. erstwhile the parasite completes its entry, dense granules are released modify ing the host cell (Wiser). Specific Interactions and Junction Formation Formation of junction, between the parasite and host cell, takes place once microneme discharge is complete. That means microneme proteins play important role in junction formation (Wiser). Key Proteins Involved in the Process a) Duffy-binding protein (DBP) from P. vivax b) A 175 kDa erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA-175) from P. falciparum c) Plasmodium sporozoite surface protein-2 (SSP2). It is also called TRAP (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein). The parasite undergoes metamorphosis when it enters erythrocyte. During this time,