Awakening Essays (1720 words) - The Awakening, Creole Language

Awakening In The Awakening, Kate Chopin brings out the essence of through the characters of her novel. In this novel Edna Pontellier faces many problems because she is an outcast from society. As a result of her isolation from society she has to learn to fit in and deal with her problems. This situation causes her to go through a series of awakenings that help her find herself, but this also causes problems with her husband because she loses respect for him and the society she lives in. Throughout the novel she is faced with unfavorable circumstances which confuse and eventually kill her. Kate Chopin uses Creole Society in the 1890s as a basis for her novel and expresses it through Creole women, personal relationships, and etiquette. The Awakening is a book based on French Creoles and their lifestyle which is expressed throughout the novel. Creoles were French Creole Society descendents of French and Spanish Colonists of the 1700s. They had strong family ties because of Catholicism and were a tight community because they where considered outcasts of Anglo- American society. Clement Eaton says that "the Creoles, to a greater degree then Anglo-Americans, lived a life of sensation and careless enjoyment. They loved to dance, gamble, fish, attend feasts, play on the fiddle and to live without much thought of the morrow." Eaton 252 Creoles were very lively outgoing people because of their comfortable tight society. Activities such as Mardi Gras and Sunday afternoon Mass holiday spirits contribute the liveliness of these people (Walker 252). A large reason for their comfort and "live for the moment" attitude was that Creoles did not move west like most other colonists to claim land. Instead they stayed in relatively the same area and just grew in population without consumption of other lands . This caused a shortage of land so it had to be repeatedly divided among the families and it also made it difficult for the plantation system to operate successfully (Walker 253). Background of Creoles: Until 1888 the husband was legal guardian and was given custody of the children when in a divorce. In the 1890 segregation was legalized (Jim Crow laws), but blacks horizons were expanding also. "In Louisiana after the Civil War, African American men had voted in large numbers, held public office, served on juries, and worked on the railroad"(Culley 119). In Creole society people are generally very warm and open, having plentiful long relationships. A mother's relationship with her children is usually very close, loving, and caring. The children are usually constantly pampered by their mother. Creole women, " . . . were women who idolized their children worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels" (Chopin 16). Edna Pontellier, was not this type of mother though, she ". . . was not a mother-woman"(Chopin 16). Edna is just not able to fit in to the Creole society because she was raised in such a foreign way from what Creoles exhibit, it is just too difficult. Just little signs of affection towards her are difficult for her to grasp, "... she becomes confused when Madame Ratignolle touches her hand during a conversation" (Walker 254). "'She was not accustomed to an outward and spoken expression of affection, either in herself or others'" (Walker 254). Unbelievably, Edna and her husband are the most distant of all people because they were basically forced into marriage. He limits her and this infuriates her to the point where she gives up and just does as she pleases. He does this by speaking to her like a kid and treating her like a piece of property that he drags around because it is inproper for a man of his stature not to be married (Chopin 7). Robert is the only person in which she has a full relationship with. Unfortunately their relationship is limited they can only truly be friends. Since Adele Ratignolle doesn't want this relationship to be taken too far or seriously she tells Robert, "She is not one of us; she is not like us. She make the unfortunate blunder of taking you seriously" (Walker 254). The relationships that Edna has just continue to confuse her and inspire her at the same time. This confuses her, making her think that she is fitting in fine when in fact she is really in a mess, and is too deep to be changed into a French-Creole women of any standards. French-Creole women are thought of and shown to be very

Marketing Article Review paper

Marketing Article Review paper Marketing Article Review paper Marketing Article review Novelette Anglin MKT 607 October 1st, 2014 SMART Goals and Self-Leadership Goal After reading the scholarly article on branding management strategy, I realized that the main idea is to inform readers of the amount of challenges many companies face to develop products and services, and most importantly brand. The article reading leads the belief that if resources are targeted consistently, with good decisions in investments, the aim will worth the effort, and not farfetched to achieve. We all must also realize that a brand with a good object will securely achieve at a high success. Branding involves the creation of a name that is unique to the product extend on the market. It is the name that portrays the image for the product in the minds of consumers. I found that the authors write about this topic because they feel the need to bring out the importance of branding when it comes to the market, and the choice of the consumers with majority of businesses. In order for a brand to contribute to the overall success of a company in such a signifi-cant way, manifold and coordinated managerial activities are necessary (Herrmann , Henneberg

Dynamics of ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dynamics of ethics - Essay Example There are two sides to this issue: while one believes that the client should be a party to all available data, the other group is in favor of professional secrecy, which is mandatory to the cause of the treatment. What follows is an inquiry into issues which are imperative to the cause of telling the truth to patients; both sides are represented therein, and the most plausible option is debated over. Subsequently, a few relevant areas are discussed hereunder, which are deemed important for the judicious evaluation of the issue. It is purported that by telling the truth, one would be able to present a scenario that is non-malicious. Lies and withholding of truth have basically been taken as sinful over the years spanning human civilization. So it would go without saying, that if somebody is telling the truth to the patients, then an act of virtue is being upheld. â€Å"The purpose of truth telling is not simply to enable patients to make informed choices about health care and other aspects of their lives but also to inform them about their situation. Truth telling fosters trust in the medical profession and rests on the respect owed to patients as persons† (Glass, et al, 1997). Conversely, it is also believed that the actual care would be actualized when the patient finds his cure. Subsequently, if the health care provider feels that there is something that the patient would be well off without knowing, then they should not disclose that information. â€Å"The best time to discuss life-altering and life-threatening disease is when patients can remember the conversation, understand its significance, and participate in health care decisions† (Chodosh, 2000). The ethical grounds may seem to be coming under strife here, but even still, the stance for the cure of the patient is overriding to other facts in the health care profession. For that, ends may well be justifying means. All this has shaped up because it is

Said's Concept if Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Said's Concept if Orientalism - Essay Example The Orient (comprising of countries like the Middle East, India, China, and those lying further east) has always occupied an area of interest within the realms of American cultural arena. Various topics that include men, women and children from the Orient, tend to appear persistently in different cultural discussions, with the greatest and most presumably, the highest influence seen in US based TV programmes and movies. Right from the time of its initiation, Hollywood has persistently represented characters from Orient (like Chinese, Indians and Arabs) in specific exotic terms that highlight their ethnicity (Irwin, 2007, 106). Thus, against a backdrop of stereotyped Oriental ‘Otherness’ stands the Western ‘good guys,’ a representation of the Eastern world by its Western counterpart, which is often biased and conventionalised (ibid). It is this (mal) representation or portrayal of various  non-western cultures  by western filmmakers, writers, and artists, which primarily arose from European colonial/ imperialistic attitude during the 18th-19th centuries, which has been termed ‘Orientalism,’ a concept derived from Edward Said’s famous book Orientalism published in 1978. ... The Hollywood films-makers have held a continuing dominance over the worldwide box-office right from WWI, without any strong or long-term competition from any other rival film industries. Even though there were major setbacks to Hollywood during the Great Depression and later during 1960s, their dominance over worldwide cinema remained unparalleled, thus spanning unquestioned influence over millions of viewers from all parts of the world for more than ten decades. Thus, it is understood that representation of any character(s) shown by Hollywood is bound to cast a strong influence on viewers all across the globe. Hence, one can contend that the negative and imagined portrayal of Orientalism has created a negative image of these countries on the global viewers, which is purely based on lack of adequate knowledge and presumptions on the part of Hollywood. In this context, we will examine the importance of Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism while analysing the dominant cinemas ( Hollywood’s) representation of people outside West. Discussion â€Å"East is East, West is West, and never the twain shall meet†~ Rudyard Kipling (1932) Said’s concept of Orientalism: In actual perspective, Orientalism refers to Orient or East, akin to the term ‘Occident,’ which means West. Said in his book Orientalism perceives the term as comprising of many false presumptions, misconceptions, and various wrong assumptions as conceived by  Westerners towards those residing in  Eastern parts of the world (however, here it must be noted that Said primarily relates Orientalism to the Middle East, where he had spent some years as a child). As Cheryl McEwan informs, Said in

Sauce - Barbecue Essay Example for Free

Sauce Barbecue Essay Choose the most appropriate answer for each question.Shade your choice on the Objective Answer Sheet. 1. Egg whites will whip up into a better foam if a) they are at room temperature b) they are well chilled c) they have small amount of baking soda added to them d) they have small amount of oil added to them 2. Which of the following combination is incorrect ? a) Cinnamon-bank b) Cumin-seed c) Marjoram-root d) Clove-bud 3. Potato is a a) starch b) vegetables c) both a and b d) neither a nor b 4. Which of the following terms is associated with broiling? a) low heat b) tender food items c) slow d) all of the above 5. Deglazing takes place after a) broiling b) grilling c) deep-frying d) sautà ©ing 6. Which of the following might produce a cloudy stock? a) Using the fresh bone b) Covering the pot c) Skimming frequently d) Simmering gently 7. ____________are made from forcemeats of poultry or game wrapped in the skin of the bird and poached in an appropriate stock. a) Quenelles b) Pate c) Terrine d) Gelatine 8. When making mayonnaise,it is essential to ____________. a) Beat the egg yolks well in a bowl b) Have all the ingredients as cold as possible c) Use highly flavoured ingredients d) Add the boil all at once 9. The_________ of a slice of meat determines its cooking time. a) thickness b) grade c) weight d) age 10. Which of the following thick soups are most likely to contain seafood? a) cream soup b) purees c) bisque d) potages 11. Vegetables are least likely to be__________ . a) poached b) braised c) boiled d) deep fried 12. _________ can protect a roast from drying while cooking. a) cooking it fat side up b) barding c) larding d) all of the above 13. To make a white roux with 250gm of butter,you will need a) 500 ml cornstarch b) 125 gm flour c) 250 ml flour d) 250 gm flour e) 14. Which of the following is not a function of fats in baked goods? a) to give firmness to the structure b) to add moistness c) to give crust color d) to increase product qualities 15. Artichokes and asparagus are considered as a) cabbage family b) shoots c) leafy vegetables d) onion family 16. A liaison is added to a sauce __________. a) at any time during cooking b) at the beginning of cooking c) just before the sauce is reduced d) at the end of cooking 17. Which of the following is least likely to be found in a sachet? a) bay leaf b) garlic c) peppercorn d) dried thyme 18. A prawn is a ___________. a) large shrimp b) green shrimp c) crustacean d) both a and c 19. Which of the following would generally not to be served with fish a) caper sauce b) lemon butter sauce c) demi glace d) tartare sauce 20. Which is the best answer that describes the effects of heat to food composition i. Proteins coagulate ii. Sugar caramelize iii. Water evaporates iv. Fat solidify v. Starches gelatinized a) i only b) i and ii only c) i,ii,iii and v d) all the above PART B TRUE AND FALSE Shade the letter ‘T’ if the statement is True and ‘F’ if the statement is False on the True/False Answer Sheet. 1. Bones that are exposed to air during cooking will turn dark and this will discolour the stock. 2. Broth and bouillon refer to simple,clear soups without solid ingredients. 3. Low temperature produces the best cooked eggs. 4. Yeast is a non living microscopic plant. 5. A heavy whipping cream has a fat content between 36%-40%. 6. In standard breading procedure moist items should be held longer before to extract moisture. 7. Red snapper is a type of fresh water fish. 8. Hard cheeses,such as parmesan can be grated easily. 9. A squab is a young pigeon with light and tender meat. 10. Marbling separates muscle fibers making them easier to chew. 11. The market form of whole fish usually has had the viscera removed. 12. All kind of scraps can be used in stocks at all time with no exception. 13. Rigor mortises is the stiffness in an animals muscles,due to chemical changes in the flesh. 14. The compound that colors red vegetables red is carotenoids. 15. The neck and back of a chicken is the best bones for stock making. 16. A classical Tomato Sauce is made with roux. 17. In order to obtain the maximum volume from whipped eggs white,all traces of fat must be eliminated. 18. The term dressing also refers to â€Å"food stuff† that is baked separately. 19. The chef cold larder supervises the cold meat department and breading of meats,fish and seafood. 20. Whole spices take shorter time to release its flavour. PART D SHORT ESSAY Answer ALL questions. QUESTION 1 Explain why sauces that are finished with butter must be served immediately. The sauce should then be served immediately if it is allowed to stand,the butter may separate. QUESTION 2 Name and explain the three(3) ingredients that made up a sauce. -A liquid ,which is the body of the sauce. -A thickening agent -An additional seasoning and flavouring ingredients. QUESTION 3 Names the five(5) important parts of meat tenderloin and briefly describe the characteristics of the meat. 1-chateaubriand 2-fillets 3-tornedos 4-fillet migaou 5-goulash QUESTION 4 Give the definitions of herbs and spices.Name four(4) spices and four(4) herbs that are commonly used in cookery. Herbs are the leaves of certain plants used in flavouring.The examples of herbs are thymes,bay leaves,rosemary and basil. Spices are any part of plant,other than that,the leaves used in flavouring.The examples of spices are celery seeds,cumin seeds,caraway seeds and cloves. QUESTION 5 List the four(4) basic ingredients of clear meat. i. Lean ground meat ii. Egg white iii. Mirepoix iv. Acid ingredients QUESTION 6 What is different between marbling and barding? Marbling is fat deposited within muscle tissue while barding is tying slices of fat over the surface of meat to protect them while roasting.

The Definition Of Globalization Education Essay

The Definition Of Globalization Education Essay Globalization has brought about many changes in human lives. Globalisation, which started off in the West, was brought about by many factors. Some of it is the the emergence of the information technology and also the economic competition between different countries (Jarvis, 2007, p. 44). Here, it is obvious that globalization was about the economic benefit at first and later had also impacted many others categories of human lives such as education and environment. The impacts and effects of globalization could be seen everywhere, from the food industry to the music that one listens. Some would argue that globalization benefitted the mass, and therefore it is something good. However, some would refute by saying that globalization has also had some negative impacts. Therefore, I would like to find out and discuss the effects of globalization specifically in education. This paper would examine closely the effects of globalization in education in terms of commodification, internationalis ation, citizenship and also accessibility of knowledge. This essay would argue that although globalization brings some positive effects, it also brings some negative effects that sometimes could be considered to outweigh the benefits of it. The arguments will be put forward by first defining globalization and then highlighting some of the different types of globalization. This will be followed by discussing the impact of globalization in education in terms of commodification, internationalisation, citizenship, and accessibility of knowledge. Last but not least, this essay will discuss the implications for teachers in a Malaysian secondary school classroom. Defination of Globalization There are tremendous amount of literature on the definition of globalization. Globalisation seemed to an easy word to define at first. However, there are many definitions of it where each and one of these definitions are looked from various different perspectives such as social, economy and political perspectives. From an political point of view, Beck (2000, p. 11) defines globalization as a process through which transnational actors undermine sovereign national states with varying prospect of power, direction, identities, and network. From a communication point of view, globalization as a concept refers to both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole (Robertson, 1992, p. 8). Similarly, Luke (2005), stated that globalization is how the world is shrinking in the sense that people can communicate to each other instantaneously through the use of technology especially the internet. On a different plane, Waters (1995, p. 3) looks at globalization as a social change where physical boundaries of place on the social and cultural aspects are diminishing and the public are aware that it is diminishing. Looking from a social perspectives or point of view, globalization is the escalation of global social relations which connect far localities in such a way that local events are influenced by events occurring in the far distance and vice versa. (Held, 1991 cited in Morrow Torres, 2000, p. 29). Therefore, it can said that globalisation is the weakening of the physical boundaries surrounding the nation or states, in which affects aspects of human life such as culture, social interaction, economy, politics and many other aspects. The less visible boundaries mean that people are more likely to interact with each other. If the interaction is between people or party of same position or status, the interaction could be in a neutral way. However, if the interaction is between people or party of unequal status or power, the m ore privileged will tend to influence the less privileged it can also happen that the less privileged might want to imitate the more privileged in order to live the same condition as the opposite party. When looking at the definitions of globalisation, it is important to also highlight the different types of globalisation. Here, cultural, economy and political globalisation will be discussed closely. Cultural globalisation is about the spread of one stronger element of culture, which in many cases, would be the American culture. This is done through the American media which penetrates most parts of world. Songs, films, and many more are easily available around the world (Jarvis, 2007). Besides, he also argues that many new cultural institutions have become industries where these institutions are trying to sell their culture. However, one would argue that cultural globalisation could also strengthen the culture in particular society if the member of the society choose to resist the wave of global influx of different foreign culture. According to Jones (1998, p. 146), cultural globalisation includes deteriorating religious mosaic, a deteriorating cosmopolitanism and diversity, widespread consumption of simulations and representations, global distribution of images and information and universal tourism. Therefore, it can be said that cultural globalization is the process where the l ocal cultural aspect of a community disappears in certain rate and substituted with a global culture. On the other hand, economy globalisation includes several aspects such as transnational companies. Transnational companies are companies that operate at a global level without needing to follow a certain nations law and regulation (Bottery, 2006). These companies bring profit to the nation through taxation. These companies possess a huge influence as they are not bound to a countrys law. Transnational companies have power beyond the nations or the states (Jarvis, 1998). Besides, economy globalisation also includes the bigger organisations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides loan and fund to developing countries. However, it is crucial to highlight here that this economy globalisaton is the setting of other types of globalization (Bottery, 2006). This is because economy is the source of income and the setting of work for people. According to Jones (1998, p. 145), economy globalisation includes freedom of exchange between localities with flows of services and symbo lic commodities, balance of production activity in a locality determined by its physical and geographical advantages, minimal direct foreign investment, flexible responsiveness of organisations to global markets, decentralised, instantaneous and stateless financial markets and free movement of labour. Political globalization looks at the diminishing power of the state where due to globalization, the power is local authority might be weakening. According to Jones (1998 p. 146), political globalisation is portrayed through an absence of state sovereignty and multiple centres of power at global, local and intermediate levels, local issues discussed and situated in relation to a global community, powerful international organisations predominant over national organisations, fluid and multi-centric international relations, a weakening of value attached to the nation-state and a strengthening of common and global political values. Thus, the meaning of being a certain country or nations citizen also gets blurred. The notion of citizen is not as a unified and unifying concept as before when there is certain loss of nation-state sovereignty, or the erosion of national autonomy (Burbules and Torres, 2000, p. 14). The Effect of Globalisation in Education Having looked at the brief categorization of globalization in general, this section will focus on the effect of globalization in education. This section will look at commodification, internationalisation, citizenship and accessibility of knowledge. Commodification is the term used to describe commodification can be seen in two ways, the displacement of use values by exchange values or in general to describe how consumer culture becomes embedded in daily lives through various ways (Ball, 2004, p.4). This consumer culture that is a global phenomenon today has also effected the education sector. Commodification of education is evident from the primary school to the higher education. Many are affected by, especially the parents and the students. Due to the competition for the entrance of an excellent school, parents and the learner will be under a lot of pressure to prepare themselves so they can qualify to this prestigious or high-league table-ranked schools. The society without noticing is drawn to this concept of education commodification due to the societal pressure. Similarly, the teachers and staff in this schools are forced to work hard to maintain the schools league table position so they can maintain the financial support from the government. The demands of competition, the information provided by League Tables, pressures from the state for performance improvement and target-achievement and per-capita funding, in a period of spending constraints, work together to create local economies of student worth where schools compete to recruit those students, most likely to contribute to improvements and performance (Ball, 2004, p. 10). Therefore, in this situation the commodification of education does not really seem to benefitting the learners, or the even parents. This cycle of incentives for performance is not something good as it contradicts with the value of education. .Another effect of globalization is the internationalization of education. Internationalisation is the process of intergrating an international or intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and exercise function of the institution (Knight, 1994, p. 16 cited in Knight, 1999) . Internationalisation is about globalization. Internationalisation happens usually at higher level education. There are many reasons for the internationalisation of the higher education. One of it is the internationalisation will help foreign policy of a country. Through internationalisation, a country will be perceived as welcoming and friendly to the different cultural aspects. In other words, internationalisation will indicate that the country appreciates the various cultures that exist are open to accepting them. On an economic point of view, internationalisation will help attract investment from foreign countries to a country. This will boost the countrys economy through the investments (Knight, 199 9). By internationalisation, the quality of teaching and learning process could be improved. This is because internationalisation encourages acceptance of various culture and integrates this in the teaching and learning process. The students will be exposed to various source of knowledge about the world. This knowledge of the world will help the learners to understand and make sense the difference and similarities people around the world have from one culture to another. Besides, internationalisation will also en courage partnership between various universities around the world. This is because through internationalization, one common medium of interaction will be chosen between the cooperating universities, which will likely to be English. Having a common language and some similarities will further encourage cooperation work between universities from different countries. Citizenship Another effect of globalization in education is that the accessibility of knowledge. Through the internet, many different kind of knowledge are readily accessible on the internet (Robertson, 1992). This means the acquisition of knowledge by students are much faster since there they have wide range of knowledge available for them. This would help students and teachers in their learning process. This rapidly growing information on the net could facilitate learning process by providing references and validating certain concepts that the learners are confused or unable to comprehend. Besides, the teachers and learners can build a network system through the net where they can talk and communicate with teachers and students from any part of the world through the internet. This would help teachers and learners to create a global view of education n based on their communication with people from around the world. However, this might also be a problem for the students since with the huge amoun t of information available on the net, the reliability of some of the information is sometimes questionable. Therefore, it is important for the learners to be able to distinguish between reliable and unreliabale information. Besides, it is also important for them to be able to choose and pick which information that is suitable for them. The downside of this body of knowledge available on the internet is that it cannot be accessed by people in certain parts of the world where the communication technology is not at par with the latest communication technology (Burbules, 2000). This in a way widens the gap between the education progress in a developed country with a well-equipped information technology facilities and the education progress in a developing country with poor information technology facilities. In a less progressed country where it is already a struggle to maintain teaching and learning process, the people will not know what they have missed by the lack of facilities. Another aspect of the manifestation of the accessibility information is the distance learning (Foley, 2003). Distance learning is the teaching and learning process which does not happen in a physical classroom, but instead happens in a virtual classroom. This distance learning was already available before the existence of the internet through the use of post. However, the invention of the internet has taken distance learning into a whole new level. Distance education has enabled more people to gain access to education through the many different types of online courses offered by universities and other online course providers. One of the benefits of this distance learning is that the learning process can be done in learners own time, without any peer pressure form classmates. However, the drawback of distance learning is that the reduced or loss of the human touch in the learning and teaching process. Human touch in the form of communication with one another is important in learning. Implications to Teaching and Learning Process in a Malaysian Secondary Classroom. Having discussed the impact of globalization in education on a global level, tis section will try to relate back the impact of globalization in education in a Malaysian context, specifically in a Malaysian secondary classroom. Malaysian secondary classroom consist of students for the age of thirteen to seventeen. These students come from various backgrounds. First and foremost, one of the main implications the effect of globalization in a Malaysian context is the teachers and students should be aware of the effect of globalization in education to the Malaysian education system and also to the global education policy and reforms. Here, the teacher training college plays a crucial part in incorporating the effect of globalization in education to the teacher trainees. This is so that future teachers will be aware of the effects of globalization and then try to inform the students and then create awareness in the students. Besides, it also a teachers responsibility to make the learners aware of the multi dimension of globalization that exist beyond Malaysia. This will help the learners to be able develop critical thinking based on their awareness of the world around them. Futhermore, the appreciation of unique multicultural society that exists around the world, not only in Malaysia should be made known to the learners. On a similar note, as an future educator, it is important to realise that a teaching method or education policy that is a sucess not necessarily u can take everything and put it into another context. Think about the context in which a teacher is teaching so that it is relevant to the students and context. Another implication that can be drawn from the discussion above is that it is important to realize that the abundance of information and knowledge available on the internet comes with a price as well. The implication of these to the Malaysian education especially in a secondary classroom is that the learners should be equipped with the necessary skill to filter the knowledge and than distinguish between facts and non-facts. In order to do this, the teachers should give some exposure of this kind of activity in the classroom. This will help learners, the secondary school students to be able to pick and choose the fact from the rest. Besides, it is also important to be able to pick the information which is useful for the individual rather than using all the information available. Distance learning CONCLUSION 100

Do you think that Mary Tudor deserved her title “Bloody Mary”?

History has not been kind to Mary Tudor. Compared to what followed, her reign seems like a brief but misguided attempt to hold back England's inevitable transformation to Protestantism. Compared to what came before, her regime looks like the regressive episode of a hysterical woman. Considered on its own terms, however, the regime appears much more complex, leading contributors to this volume of essays to reach far different conclusions about her reign: reestablishing traditional religion in England was an enormous undertaking that required rebuilding the Marian Church from the bottom up.Moreover, given more time it might have succeeded. Finally, as these essays continually remind us, concepts differentiating Catholicism from Protestantism — ideas taken for granted today — were still being sorted out during this period. David Loades's introduction begins the volume by surveying the disturbance in religion during Mary's lifetime. He links the spread of humanism and class ical scholarship to a substantial portion of this disturbance because it created an educated populace capable of raising questions about religious practices for which the traditional Church had no answers.Mary herself received a first-rate humanistic education and contemporaries even considered her well-educated. Loades suggests that, instead of unquestioningly embracing the tenants of the traditional Catholic faith, Mary was a â€Å"conservative humanist with an extremely insular point of view† (18). Nevertheless, her humanistic training did not extend to her devotion to the sacrament of the altar and her uncritical acceptance of the doctrine of transubstantiation. Ultimately, her uncompromising position on the latter would cause the downfall of many.After this introduction, the first section of the volume, entitled â€Å"The Process,† explores obstacles confronting the restoration of Catholicism in England, beginning with David Loades's examination of the degraded st ate of the episcopacy upon Mary's accession, and her administration's attempts to restore it. Next, Claire Cross discusses Marian efforts to enact Catholic reforms in those strongholds of Protestant dissent, the English universities. The queen's decision to restore a community of monks at Westminster is the subject of a study by C.S. Knighton, who includes a detailed appendix identifying members of this community.In the section's last essay, Ralph Houlbrooke argues that swift acquiescence by one of Norwich's leading evangelical ministers, and the diligence of clergy and Church courts in upholding the Marian restoration, helped Norwich avoid large-scale persecution. Essays in the volume's second section, â€Å"Cardinal Pole,† focus on his role in reestablishing the legitimacy of the restored Church. Thomas F.Mayer begins with an analysis of various court documents, and concludes that even though Paul IV had apparently revoked Pole's legatine office, the matter remained unsettl ed, and Pole probably continued to function in that capacity until the end of Mary's reign. In the following chapter, Pole's 1557 St. Andrew's Day sermon provides evidence for Eamon Duffy's defense of the cardinal's record — not only as an outspoken advocate for the importance of preaching, but also as a hard-nosed realist confronting an entire population of apostatized Londoners.In the final essay of this section, John Edwards reveals that, unlike English documents, records from the Spanish and Roman Inquisitions indicate greater Spanish involvement in the restoration of English Catholicism than has been previously recognized. The subject of the final section of this book, â€Å"The Culture,† undertakes issues regarding the Marian Church and its people. Lucy Wooding's essay considers how the multiple layers of symbolism found in the Mass provided a wide focal point for popular piety in the restored Church.In his essay on the theological works of Thomas Watson, William Wizeman, S. J. , discusses Marian efforts to reeducate worshipers who, after a generation of religious turmoil, were unfamiliar with even the basic tenets of Catholicism. In the following chapter, Gary G. Gibbs reconsiders the eyewitness evidence provided by one Henry Machyn, Merchant Taylor of London, concluding that the Marian regime had indeed connected with enough loyal subjects to provide the queen with an effective base of power